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Sun Earth Astronomical Relationships

The document summarizes key relationships between the Sun and Earth. It discusses: 1) The Sun's core temperature of 16 million K and photosphere temperature of 6000K. 2) The inverse relationship between solar radiation reaching Earth and the square of its distance from the Sun. 3) The Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, with distances ranging from 0.983 to 1.017 Astronomical Units on average.

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Jahirul Haque
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102 views14 pages

Sun Earth Astronomical Relationships

The document summarizes key relationships between the Sun and Earth. It discusses: 1) The Sun's core temperature of 16 million K and photosphere temperature of 6000K. 2) The inverse relationship between solar radiation reaching Earth and the square of its distance from the Sun. 3) The Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, with distances ranging from 0.983 to 1.017 Astronomical Units on average.

Uploaded by

Jahirul Haque
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sun-Earth Astronomical relationships

Himangshu Ranjan Ghosh

Ref
An introduction to solar radiation-Muhammad Iqbal
1
T
he
S
u
n

 Energy is produced in the core through nuclear fusion of hydrogen


atoms into helium

 Temperature of the core is around 16×106 K

 Temperature of Photosphere is around 6000K 2


Th
e
Ear
th

The amount of solar radiation reaching


the earth is inversely proportional to
the square of its distance from the
sun.

3
Motion of the Earth around the Sun

 The Earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with the sun at
one foci.

 1Astronomical Unit (AU)=1.496×108km

 The sun-earth distances


• Minimum is about 0.983AU
• Maximum is about 1.017AU
• Mean is about is called 1AU, generally represented by r0

 The average and real sun-earth distances are r0 and r

 Eccentricity correction factor E0 is (r0/r)2 4


 We know the value of r0, if we can estimate E0, then the sun-earth
distance for any day of any year can be found with maximum error
of 0.0001
 According to Spencer
E0=(r0/r)2=1.000110+0.034221cosΓ+0.001280 sinΓ
+0.000719cos2Γ +0.000077sin2Γ
• Γ is called the day angle or time of year (radians), in radians
Γ=2π(dn-1)/365
dn is the day number of the year, ranging from
1 on 1 January to 365 on 31 December

 According to Duffie and Beckman


E0=1+0.033cos[(2πdn/365)]

 Calculate the sun-earth distance on 8 January


Ref
J W Spencer, Fourier series representation o the position of the Sun. Search 2(5), 172,1971
J A Duffie and W A Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Wiley New York, 1980 5
Seasons

6
Celestial sphere

Polaris (commonly North Star, Northern Star or Pole Star, sometimes Guiding star) is the 45th brightest
star in the night sky. It is very close to the north celestial pole, making it the current northern pole star.
7
Solar Declination

8
 Solar Declination Angle δ
• The angle between a line joining the centres of the sun and the earth
to the equatorial plane changes every day, in fact every instant. This
angle is called the solar declination δ
 In 24h maximum change is 0.5degree

9
 According to Spencer (in radian)
δ=(0.006918-0.399912cosΓ+0.070257sinΓ-
0.006758cos2Γ+0.000907sin2Γ-
0.002697cos3Γ+0.00148sin3Γ)×(180/2π)

 The equation estimates the declination with maximum error


of 0.0006rad

 Two other simple and commonly used formulas are (in


degrees)

 Calculate the solar declination on 8 January


10
Equation of time
 Solar time is based on the rotation of the earth about its polar axis and
on its revolution around the sun
 The solar day varies in length through the year.
 The two principal factors for this variance are-
• The earth sweeps out unequal areas on the ecliptic plane as it revolves around the
sun
• The earth’s axis is tilted with respect to the ecliptic plane

 If an observer facing the equator today sets a clock at 12 noon, when


the sun is directly over the local meridian; then after a month or so on
at 12 noon, clock time, the sun may not appear exactly over the local
meridian

 A discrepancy of as much as 16minutes is possible. This discrepancy


is called the equation of time 11
 According to Spencer (Et in minutes)

 The maximum error is about 35sec Ref


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time 12
 Solar radiation data are often recorded in terms of local apparent time
(LAT), also called true solar time (TST)

 Solar meteorological data such as temperature and wind speed are


often recorded in terms of clock time/local standard time/daylight
saving time

 Local Apparent Time (LAT)


=local Standard Time (LST)+ longitude correction + Et
=local standard time+4(Ls-Lc)+Et

 The longitude correction is positive if the local meridian is east of the


standard and is negative if west of the standard meridian

 Determine the solar time (LAT) on 8 Jan at Jessore (23 deg N, 89deg
E) when the standard time is 10:00.
13
Thank you

14

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