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The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 of the textbook, which discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It introduces the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law. It also discusses reversible and irreversible processes, the Carnot cycle, corollaries of the second law regarding efficiency limits, and introduces equations to calculate maximum performance measures like efficiency and coefficient of performance. Finally, it describes how the Kelvin temperature scale is defined based on the second law.

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Tran Nguyen Khang
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15 views

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 of the textbook, which discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It introduces the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law. It also discusses reversible and irreversible processes, the Carnot cycle, corollaries of the second law regarding efficiency limits, and introduces equations to calculate maximum performance measures like efficiency and coefficient of performance. Finally, it describes how the Kelvin temperature scale is defined based on the second law.

Uploaded by

Tran Nguyen Khang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 5

THE SECOND LAW OF


THERMODYNAMICS
5.1. INTRODUCTION

- All thermodynamic processes obey the


principle of energy conservation which
states that the total energy of any system
and its surroundings is conserved.

- The second law deals with the possible


direction of a process, and it establishes
restrictions with respect to certain
processes.
5.2. MAIN STATEMENTS
- Kelvin Planck – It is impossible for an engine
to work continuously in a cycle to produce
WORK output by exchanging HEAT with a
single reservoir.

That is, a heat engine must exchange heat with a


low-temperature sink as well as a high-
temperature source to keep operating.
The Kelvin Planck statement can also be
expressed as no heat engine can have a
thermal efficiency of 100 percent, or as for
a power plant to operate, the working fluid
must exchange heat with the environment
as well as the furnace.
- Clausius – It is impossible for a self acting
machine, unaided by any external agency, to
convey HEAT from one body to another at a
higher temperature.

The Clausius statement does not imply that a


cyclic device that transfers heat from a cold
medium to a warmer one is impossible.
5.3. REVERSIBLE AND
IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES
 One of the important uses of the second
law of thermodynamics in engineering is to
determine the best theoretical
performance of systems.

 By comparing actual performance with the


theoretical optimum, insights often can be
gained into the potential for doing better.
 5.3.1. REVERSIBLE PROCESSES

A process of a system is reversible if the


system and all parts of its surroundings
can be exactly restored to their respective
initial states after the process has taken
place.

Reversible processes are purely


hypothetical.
In practice, reversible processes do not
occur.

QUESTION:
Why do we need to study reversible
processes?
 5.3.2. IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES

A process of a system is called irreversible


if the system and all parts of its
surroundings can not be exactly restored
to their respective initial states after the
process has taken place.
All actual processes are irreversible.

As a system undergoes a process,


irreversibilities may be found within the
system as well as within its surroundings.

Engineers should be able to recognize


irreversibilities, evaluate their influence,
and develop practical means for reducing
them.
5.4. CARNOT CYCLE
 Four reversible processes including two
isotherms and two adiabatic processes.

Process 1-2: The gas is compressed adibatically


to state 2, where the temperature is TH.

Process 2-3: The assembly is placed into


contact with the reservoir at TH. The gas
expands isothermally while receiving energy QH
from the hot reservoir by heat transfer..
Process 3-4: The assembly is again placed
on the insulating stand and the gas is
allowed to continue to expand adibatically
until the temperature drops to TC.

Process 4-1: The assembly is placed in


contact with the reservoir at TC. The gas is
compressed isothermally to its initial state
while it discharges energy QC to the cold
reservoir by heat transfer.
5.5. COROLLARIES OF THE
SECOND LAW
First Corollary – No engine can have an
efficiency higher than that of the CARNOT
engine operating between the same
temperature limits
Second Corollary – All CARNOT engines
operating between the same temperature
limits have the same efficiency.
Third Corollary – Using the Carnot principle
in Corollary 2, it is possible to show how a
thermodynamic scale independent of the
working fluid may be established.
Fourth Corollary – Clausius Equality (Reversible
cycle)

Q
 T 0 (5.1)

Fifth Corollary – Clausius Inequality (Irreversible


cycle)
Q
 T 0 (5.2)
Note: Corollaries 4 & 5 lead to the
thermodynamic property ENTROPY.
5.6. SECOND LAW LIMITATIONS

 5.6.1. Second law limitations on Power


cycles
- Corollary 1
- Corollary 2
 5.6.2. Second law limitations on
Refrigeration and Heat Pump cycles

The coefficient of performance of an


irreversible refrigeration cycle is always
less than the coefficient of performance of
a reversible refrigeration cycle when both
exchange energy by heat transfer with the
same two thermal reservoirs.
The coefficient of performance of the
irreversible heat pump is less than that of
the reversible heat pump.
5.7. MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
MEASURES FOR POWER
CYCLES OPERATING BETWEEN
TWO RESERVOIRS

Expression for the thermal efficiency of a


system undergoing a reversible power
cycle
TC
 max  1 (5.3)
TH
 Note:
- Expression (5.3) is the thermal efficiency
of all reversible power cycles operating
between two reservoirs at temperatures TH
and TC.

- Expression (5.3) is the maximum


efficiency of any power cycle while
operating between two reservoirs at
temperatures TH and TC.
5.8. MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
MEASURES FOR
REFRIGERATION AND HEAT
PUMP CYCLES OPERATING
BETWEEN TWO RESERVOIRS

Expression for the coefficient of performance of


a system undergoing a reversible refrigeration
cycle
TC
 max  (5.4)
TH  TC
 Note:
- Expression (5.4) is the coefficient of
performance of all reversible refrigeration
cycles operating between two reservoirs at
temperatures TH and TC.

- Expression (5.4) is the maximum


coefficient of performance of any
refrigeration cycle while operating between
two reservoirs at temperatures TH and TC.
Expression for the coefficient of
performance of a system undergoing a
reversible heat pump cycle
TH
 max  (5.5)
TH  TC
Note:
- Expression (5.5) is the coefficient of
performance of all reversible heat pump cycles
operating between two reservoirs at
temperatures TH and TC.

- Expression (5.5) is the maximum


coefficient of performance of any heat pump
cycle while operating between two reservoirs at
temperatures TH and TC.
5.9. KELVIN TEMPERATURE
SCALE

 From the second corollary, we can


conclude that all reversible power cycles
operating between the same two
reservoirs have the same thermal
efficiency, regardless of the nature of the
substance or the series of processes.
 Therefore, the value of the thermal
efficiency can be related only to the nature
of the reservoirs themselves.

Conclusion: The thermal efficiency


depends only on the temperatures of the
two reservoirs.
 To pursue thisline of thinking, consider a
system undergoing a reversible power
cycle while operating between reservoirs
at temperatures H and C on a scale to be
defined.
 Based on the foregoing reasoning, we can
write:

 = (C, H) = 1 - QC/QH

Or on rearrangement

QC/QH = 1 - (C, H)


 This can be expressed more concisely as
(QC/QH)rev.cycle = (C, H) (5.6)

 Equation (5.6) shows that the heat


transfers (QC/QH) of any reversible cycle is
related only to the reservoir temperatures,
where the function  is for the present
unspecified.
 Equation (5.6) provides a basis for
defining a thermodynamic temperature
scale which is independent of the
properties of any substance.

 There are alternative choices for the


function  that lead to this end.
 The KELVIN scale is obtained by making a
particularly simple choice, namely,

TC
  (5.7)
TH
 In this case, T is the symbol used to
denote temperatures on the Kelvin scale.
 Thus
QC TC
(5.8) 
Q H TH
 Equation (5.8) gives only a ratio of
temperatures.
 By assigning the value 273.16K (The 10th
International Conference on Mass &
Measurement) to the temperature at the
triple point of water we can complete the
definition of the Kelvin scale.
 Note
The Kelvin scale has a zero of 0K, and
lower temperatures than this are not
defined.

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