Demography 

RAKESH KUMAR PATIDAR

M .Sc. Nursing
NOOTAN COLLEGE OF NURSING
VISNAGAR
Demography 
Demography  is the ”scientific
study of human population in which
includes study of changes in
population size ,composition and its
distribution”
..

“Demo” means “the people” and

“graphy” means “measurement”.

(Demos = population, Graphy =

picture
 Importance of Demographic data
 Health status of a community depends upon
the dynamic relationship between number
of people, their composition& distribution
 Planning of health services can be guided by
demographic variables, for example: How
many health units do we need? How to
distribute them in the community in order
to be accessible to the target population?
What type of manpower is needed?
The elements of demography
Size: increase or decrease
Composition: sex and age group
Distribution: territory
Source of demography
POPULATION
CENSUSES
NATIONAL SAMPLE
SURVEYS
REGISTRATION
VITAL EVENTS
Biggest source of data on
 Demography
 Economic Activity
 Literacy & Education
 Housing & Household
 Urbanization
 Fertility and Mortality
 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes
 Language, Religion & Migration
DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSE
It deals with the five demographic
processes
FERTILITY
MORTALITY
MARRIAGE
MIGRATION
SOCIAL MORBILITY
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE(STAGE)
 High stationary (first stage ): this stage
is characterized by a high birth rate and
high death rate ,no any change in size
and population .Indian was in this stage
till 1920.
Early expending (second stage ): the
death rate begins to decline (starts
decreasing )and birth rate no change .
initial increase in population
.
Late expanding (third stage): the birth rate
begins to decline while the death rate still
decreases . continue increase in population

Low stationary (fourth stage ) :

This stage is characterized by a low birth rate &
low death rate .stability in population .

Declining (fifth stage ):in the declining stage

birth rate is lower then the death rate .fall in
population
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
 Primary data collection :collection
is done by the individual by using the
methods such as :
Observation
Interviews
Questionnaires
Diaries
..

Secondary data collection :

census
National survey
Registration of vital events
Demographic studies
Records
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
Data is collection directly or indirectly
from population . The data collected
directed from individuals by face to face
survey .
Data collected during census.
Data related to health from an individual.
Data related to illness from an
individual.
.

The data which is collected from outside

the source such as records .
Data taken from hospital records
Data taken from census
The data collected need to be arranged in
table ,charts ,diagrams, graphs picture
6

Series 1
3 Series 2
Series 3
2

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
 6

Series 1
3 Series 2
Series 3
2

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
1 2 3 4 5
 Sales
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
10% 9%

23% 59%
Measurement of
epidemiology
Tools of measurements
The epidemiologist usually express
disease magnitude as
1. Rates
2. Ratios
3. Proportions
Rate
A rate measures the occurrence of some
particular event(development of disease or the
occurrence of death) in a population during a
given time period.

The various categories of rates are

 crude rate
 specific rates
 standardized rates
Crude rate per thousand =
  Total number of events that occurred in a given
geographical area during a given period x 1000
 
Mid year population
 
 Specific rate per thousand =
Number of events which occurred among a
specific group of a population of a given
geographical area during a given period
x 1000
 

Mid year population of the specific group in

the given geographical area during the same
period
Ratio
 It express the relation in size
between two random quantities.
Here numerator is not a
component of denominator.
It is expressed in the form of
x/y.
Ratio
 The number of children with scabies at a
certain time/The no. of children with
malnutrition at a certain time.
Proportion:
A proportion is a ratio which
indicates the relation in magnitude as
a part of the whole.
The numerator is always included in
denominator.
 A proportion is usually expressed as
percentage.
Proportion:
 Example:
The number of children with scabies at a
certain time x 100

Total no of children in the village at the

same time.
 Measurement of mortality
1. Crude death rate
2. Specific death rate
3. Case fatality rate
4. Proportional mortality rate
5. Survival rate
6. Standardized rates
 1.Crude death rate
 Number of death per thousand population
per year in a given community.
It measures the rate at which deaths are
occurring from various cause in a given
population , during a specified period.
The CDR in India in July 2011 is 7.48
death per 1000 population.
CDR =

Number of death in a population of a given

geographical area x 1000

Mid year population of the given geographical

area during the same year

 
Example

In a town with 50,000 population ,

600 deaths were recorded.

Then CDR = 600 x 1000 =12

50,000
 2.Specific death rate
It may be cause or disease specific
(TB, cancer) or may be related to
specific groups (Age specific, gender
specific)
Infant mortality rate(IMR)
Number of children dying under
one year of age
x1000

Total number of live

births

The current IMR is 50/1000 live birth

Under five mortality rate

Deaths under exactly 5year of age x1000

Live birth
U5MR is the annual number of deaths of
children under five years of age per 1000
live birth.
The current U5MR is 66/1000 live birth
Maternal mortality rate(MMR)

Number of death due to puerperal cause in

female during a year x 1000

Total number of live births during the year

The current MMR in India is 2.3/1000 live

birth

 
Specific death rate due to TB
 
Number of death due to TB during a
calendar Year x 1000

Mid year population

 Specific death rate for males
 
No. of death among males during a calendar
Year x 1000

Mid year population of males

  
3. Case fatality rate

Case fatality rate represents the

killing power of a disease.
It is simply the ratio of death to
cases.
Case fatality rates are typically used
in acute infectious diseases
CFR
Total No. of deaths due to a particular
disease x 100

Total number of people who suffered from

the disease
 Example
If 16 out of 50 cases died in a cholera
epidemic, find the case fatality rate
CFR = 16 x 100
50 =32%
 
4. Proportional mortality rate
Here the deaths due to different causes
are expressed as a percentage of total
deaths.
 It is some time useful to know what
proportion of total deaths are due to a
particular cause
Proportional mortality from a specific disease =
 
No of death from a specific disease
in a year x 100

Total death from all causes in that year

 
Under five proportional mortality rate

No of deaths under five years of age

in the given year x 100

Total No. of death during same

period
Survival rate
It is the proportion of survivors in a group(eg:
patients) studied and followed a period.
It is a method of describing prognosis in
certain disease conditions.
Survival rates are received special attention in
cancer studies.
= Total number of patient alive after 5 year
x 100
Total number of patients diagnosed or
treated
6. Standardized rates

For comparing different

population the population needs
to be standardized .
This can be done based on age,
gender, race, parity etc.
Measurements of morbidity
Morbidity is defined as the any departure,
subjective or objective from a state of
physiological well being.
Three aspects of morbidity are commonly
measured by morbidity rates or ratios namely
Disease frequency: is measured by
incidence and prevalence.
Duration: Average number of days of
disability per person.
The case fatality rate may be used as an index
of severity.
Special incidence rates

They includes
 Attack rate
 Secondary attack rate:
Attack rate
 An attack rate is an incidence rate used only
when a population is exposed to risk for a
limited period of time such as during an
epidemic.

No of new cases of a specified disease

=during a specified interval of time x100
Total population at risk during the
same interval
Measurement of disability
Disability can be measured by using
disability rates.
The disability rates are based on the
premise or notion that health implies
a full range of daily activities.
 The disability rates are in two groups
Event type indicators
1. Number of days of restricted activity
2. Bed disability days
3. Work loss days with in a specific period
Person type indicators
1. Limitation of mobility
2. Limitation of activity
Scope of Demography

 The scope of community is broad as it is studied under

various heading related to community.
 Demography helps us in understanding the population
in relation to age and sex composition, dependency and
independency ratio, concentration of population, the size
of population, education ,occupation of people, age and
duration of marriage, and also about the distribution i.e
whether population is more in urban or rural area.
 These type of data help the planners to forecast health
and education needs
 By this services required for elderly can be identified .
Not only this, the policies related to birth control, social
welfare, manpower, and economy can be developed.
References
Park.k preventive and social medicine 20th
edition,Jabalpur,bhanot publishers 2010.pg.no:48-55
Gupta piyush.Text book of preventive and social
medicine .2nd edition .New Delhi,CBS publishers;pg
no 407-414
Sathe .A.P, Sathe P.V . Epidemiology and
management for health care for all. 2nd edition. New
Delhi; Popular prakason Pvt limited;2000. Pg:95-105
Beaglehole.R, Bonita.R,Kjellstrom. Basic
epidemiology.1st edition.Geneva,WHO,2002 pg:11-
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