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How Cells Make ATP

Cells continuously build up and break down molecules through thousands of metabolic reactions. Metabolism has two components: catabolism releases energy by breaking down molecules, and anabolism uses this energy to synthesize complex molecules. Aerobic respiration, requiring oxygen, is how most organisms generate ATP through four stages: glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis. This releases energy to power the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

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41 views

How Cells Make ATP

Cells continuously build up and break down molecules through thousands of metabolic reactions. Metabolism has two components: catabolism releases energy by breaking down molecules, and anabolism uses this energy to synthesize complex molecules. Aerobic respiration, requiring oxygen, is how most organisms generate ATP through four stages: glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis. This releases energy to power the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Uploaded by

selviana hanif
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How Cells Make ATP:

Energy-Releasing Pathways
Cellsare tiny factories that process materials on
the molecular level, through thousands of
metabolic reactions. Cells exist in a dynamic state
and are continuously building up and breaking
down the many diff erent cell constituents

metabolism has two complementary components:


catabolism, which releases energy by splitting
complex molecules into smaller components, and
anabolism, the synthesis of complex molecules
from simpler building blocks
 Ana-bolic reactions produce proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides, and
other molecules that help maintain the cell
or the organism.
The catabolic processes that convert the
energy in the chemical bonds of nutrients
to chemical energy stored in ATP then
occur inside cells, usually through a
process known as cellular respiration
Most eukaryotes and prokaryotes carry
out aerobic respiration, a form of cellular
respiration requiring molecular oxygen
(O2)
THE FOUR STAGES OF
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Glycolysis
Glycolysis. A six-carbon glucose
molecule is converted to two three-carbon
molecules of pyruvate.Some of the energy
of glucose is captured with the formation
of two kinds of energy
The first phase of glycolysis requires an
investment of ATP
Thesecond phase of glycolysis yields
NADH and ATP
Formation of acetyl coenzyme A.
Each pyruvate enters a mito-chondrion
and is oxidized to a two-carbon group
(acetate) that combines with coenzyme A,
forming acetyl coenzyme A. NADH is
produced, and carbon dioxide is released
as a waste product.
the overall reaction for the formation of
acetyl coenzyme A is:
citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle. h e acetate group of
acetyl coenzyme A combines with a four-
carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form a
six-carbon molecule (citrate). In the
course of the cycle, citrate is recycled to
oxaloacetate, and carbon dioxide is
released as a waste product.
The first reaction of the cycle occurs
when acetyl CoA transfers its two-carbon
acetyl group to the four-carbon acceptor
compound oxaloacetate, forming citrate, a
six-carbon compound.
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
The electrons removed from glucose during the
preceding stages are transferred from NADH and
FADH2 to a chain of electron acceptor
compounds. As the electrons are passed from one
electron acceptor to another, some of their
energy is used to transport hydrogen ions
(protons) across the inner mitochondrial
membrane, forming a proton gradient. In a
process known as chemiosmosis (described
later), the energy of this proton gradient is used
to produce ATP.

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