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Calculus: Mrs. Dougherty's Class

This document provides an overview of key calculus topics taught in Mrs. Dougherty's class, including limits, derivatives, and integrals. It discusses various ways of finding limits graphically, numerically, and analytically using definitions. Specific topics covered include continuity, discontinuities, properties of limits, and the formal epsilon-delta definition of a limit.

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Abdullah Soomro
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
50 views

Calculus: Mrs. Dougherty's Class

This document provides an overview of key calculus topics taught in Mrs. Dougherty's class, including limits, derivatives, and integrals. It discusses various ways of finding limits graphically, numerically, and analytically using definitions. Specific topics covered include continuity, discontinuities, properties of limits, and the formal epsilon-delta definition of a limit.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Soomro
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus

Mrs. Dougherty’s Class


drivers
 Start your engines
3 Big Calculus Topics
 Limits

 Derivatives

 Integrals
Chapter 2
2.1 Limits and continuity
Limits can be found
 Graphically
Limits can be found
 Graphically
 Numerically
Limits can be found
 Graphically
 Numerically
 By direct substitution
Limits can be found
 Graphically
 Numerically
 By direct substitution
 By the informal definition
Limits can be found
 Graphically
 Numerically
 By direct substitution
 By the informal definition
 By the formal definition
Limits
 Informal Def.
Limits
 Informal Def.
Given real numbers c and L, if the values
f(x) of a function approach or equal L
Limits
 Informal Def.
Given real numbers c and L, if the values
f(x) of a function approach or equal L as
the values of x approach ( but do not
equal c),
Limits
 Informal Def.
Given real numbers c and L, if the values
f(x) of a function approach or equal L as the
values of x approach ( but do not equal c),
then f has a limit L as x approaches c.
Limits

notation
LIFE IS GOOD
Theorem 1
 Constant Function
f(x)=k

 Identity Function
f(x)=x
Theorem 2
 Limits of polynomial functions can be
found by direct substitution.
Properties of Limits
Properties of Limits
 If lim f(x) = L 1 and lim g(x) = L2
 x-> c x -> c
Properties of Limits
 If lim f(x) = L 1 and lim g(x) = L2
 x-> c x -> c

 Sum Rule:
 lim [f(x) + g(x)]= lim f(x) +lim g(x)=L1 + L2
Properties of Limits
 If lim f(x) = L 1 and lim g(x) = L2
 x-> c x -> c

 Difference Rule:
 lim [f(x) - g(x)]= L1 - L2
Properties of Limits
 If lim f(x) = L 1 and lim g(x) = L2
 x-> c x -> c

 Product Rule:
 lim [f(x) * g(x)]= L1 * L2
Properties of Limits
 If lim f(x) = L 1 and lim g(x) = L2
 x-> c x -> c

 Constant multiple Rule:


 lim c f(x) = c L1
Properties of Limits
 If lim f(x) = L 1 and lim g(x) = L2
 x-> c x -> c

 Quotient Rule:
 lim [f(x) / g(x)]= L1 / L2 , L1=0 NOT
Theorem 3
 Many ( not all ) limits of rational functions
can be found by direct substitution.
Right-hand and Left-hand Limits
Theorem 4
 A function, f(x),
has a limit as x approaches c
Theorem 4
 A function, f(x),
has a limit as x approaches c
if and only if
the right-hand and left-hand limits at c exist
Theorem 4
 A function, f(x),
has a limit as x approaches c
if and only if
the right-hand and left-hand limits at c exist
and are equal.
Calculus 2.2
Continuity
Definition
 f(x) is continuous at an interior point of
the domain if


Definition
 f(x) is continuous at an interior point of
the domain if lim f(x) = f(c )
 x->c

Definition

f(x) is continuous at an endpoint


of the domain if
A “continuous” function is
continuous at each point of its
domain.
Definition
Discontinuity

If a function is not continuous at a point c,


then c is called a point of discontinuity.
Types of Discontinuities
 Removable
Types of Discontinuities
 Removable
 Non-removable
 A) jump
Types of Discontinuities
 Removable
 Non-removable
 A) jump
 B) oscillating
Types of Discontinuities
 Removable
 Non-removable
 A) jump
 B) oscillating
 C) infinite
Test for Continuity
Test for Continuity
y=f(x) is continuous at x=c iff
1.
Test for Continuity
y=f(x) is continuous at x=c iff
1. f(c) exists
Test for Continuity
y=f(x) is continuous at x=c iff
1. f(c) exists
2. lim f(x) exists
x-> c
Test for Continuity
y=f(x) is continuous at x=c iff
1. f(c) exists
2. lim f(x) exists
x -> c
3. f(c ) = lim f(x)
x -> c
Theorem 5
Properties of Continuous Functions
If f(x) and g(x) are continuous at c, then
1. f(x)+g(x)
Theorem 5
Properties of Continuous Functions
If f(x) and g(x) are continuous at c, then
1. f(x)+g(x)

2. f(x) – g(x)
Theorem 5
Properties of Continuous Functions
If f(x) and g(x) are continuous at c, then
1. f(x)+g(x)

2. f(x) – g(x)
3. f (x) g(x)
Theorem 5
Properties of Continuous Functions
If f(x) and g(x) are continuous at c, then
1. f(x)+g(x)

2. f(x) – g(x)
3. f (x) g(x)

4. k g(x)
Theorem 5
Properties of Continuous Functions
If f(x) and g(x) are continuous at c, then
1. f(x)+g(x)
2. f(x) – g(x)
3. f (x) g(x)
4. k g(x)
5. f(x)/g(x), g(x)/=0
are continuous
Theorem 6
If f and g are continuous at c,
Then g f and f g are
continuous at c
Theorem 7
If f(x) is continuous on [a ,b],
then f(x) has an absolute
maximum,M, and an absolute
minimum,m, on [a ,b].
Intermediate Value Theorem
for continuous functions
A function that is continuous on
[a,b] takes on every value
between f(a) and f(b).
Calculus 2.3
The Sandwich Theorem
If g(x) < f(x) < h(x) for all x /=c
and lim g(x) = lim h(x) = L, then

lim f(x) = L.
Use sandwich theorem to find
lim sin x
x->0 x
Sandwich theorem examples
 So you can see the
light.
Calculus 2.4
Limits Involving Infinity
Limits at + infinity
 are also called “end behavior” models for
the function.
Definition
y=b is a horizontal asymptote of f(x) if
Horizontal Tangents
Case 1 degree of numerator <
degree of denominator
Case 2 degree of numerator =
degree of denominator
Case 3 degree of numerator >
degree of denominator
Theorem

Polynomial End Behavior Model


Calculus 2.6
The Formal Definition of a Limit
Now this is mathematics!!!

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