Prepared By : Guided By :-

Pinky Gandhi (Roll No 11) Prof:- R.S. Pandya

Nayan Garge (Roll No 12)
Manish Jani (Roll No 13)
Charmy Joshi (Roll No 14)
Embedded System

 It is the system which is on a single chip or employs a

combination of hardware (computational engine) and software
to perform specific function

 It is one type of computing device but not like PC

 Embedded system is found in a variety of common electronic

devices such as consumer electronics, home appliances, office
automation, business equipment and automobiles
What is an Embedded System

 An Embedded System is a microprocessor based system that is

embedded as a subsystem, in a larger system (which may or
may not be a computer system)

I O
What Is an Embedded System?
 An embedded system is an applied computer system
 "embedded system", it constantly evolves with advances in
technology and dramatic decreases in the cost of implementing
various hardware and software components.
 In recent years, the field has outgrown many of its traditional
descriptions.
 Following are a few of the more common descriptions of an
embedded system:
 Embedded systems are more limited in hardware and/or software
functionality than a personal computer (PC).
 This holds true for a significant subset of the embedded systems
family of computer systems.
An embedded system is designed to
perform a dedicated function.
 Most embedded devices are primarily designed for one specific
function.

 devices such as personal data assistant (PDA)/cell phone

hybrids, which are embedded systems designed to be able to
do a variety of primary functions.

 digital TVs include interactive applications that perform a wide

variety of general functions unrelated to the "TV" function but
just as important, such as e-mail, web browsing, and games.
An embedded system is a computer system with higher
quality and reliability requirements than other types of
computer systems.

 Some families of embedded devices have a very high threshold

of quality and reliability requirements.

 a car's engine controller crashes while driving on a busy freeway

or a critical medical device malfunctions during surgery, very
serious problems result.

 embedded devices, such as TVs, games, and cell phones, in

which a malfunction is an inconvenience but not usually a life-
threatening situation.

 Some devices that are called embedded systems, such as PDAs

or web pads, are not really embedded systems.
The wide spectrum of embedded system devices is
that there is no single definition reflecting them all.

 Automotive: Ignition System, Engine Control, Brake System

 Industrial Control: Robotics and Control Systems

 Networking: Routers, Hubs

 Office Automation: Fax Machine, Printers, Scanners

Embedded System Design and Development Lifecycle
Model
The Embedded Systems Model

 What the Embedded Systems Model indicates is that all

embedded systems share one simi­larity at the highest level;
that is, they all have at least one layer (hardware) or all layers
(hardware, system software and application software) into
which all components fall.

 The hardware layer contains all the major physical components

located on an embedded board, whereas the system and
application software layers contain all of the software located
on and being processed by the embedded system.
The Embedded Systems Model
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
 It acts as single functioned or has tightly bound set of functions
means it is not used as general purpose
 It is very reactive and real time constrained
 Increasingly high performance
 Application specific processor design can be a significant
component of some embedded system
 Perform a single task
Usually not general purpose
 Increasingly high performance and real time constrained
 Power, cost and reliability are important considerations
 HW-SW systems
Software is used for more features and flexibility
Hardware (processors, ASICs, memory etc. are used for
performance and security
General Characteristics of Embedded
Systems

Analog IO
ASIC s

Mem
Digital
Processor
Cores

ASIPs and ASICs form a significant component

 Adv: customization  lower power, cost and enhanced
performance
 Disadv: higher development effort (debuggers, compilers
etc.) and larger time to market
Classification of Embedded Systems

 Distributed and Non distributed

 Reactive and Transformational

 Control dominated and Data dominated

Application Specific Characteristics

 Application is known before the system is designed

 System is however made programmable for
 Feature upgrades
 Product differentiation
 Often application development occurs in parallel to system
development
 Hw-Sw partitioning should be as delayed as possible
 For upgrades design reuse is an important criterion
 IP reuse, object oriented development
DSP Characteristics
 Signals are increasingly being represented digitally as a
sequence of samples
 ADCs are moving closer to signals; RFs are also treated
digitally
 Typical DSP processing includes:
 Filtering, DFT, DCT etc.
 Speech and image: Compression, decompression,
encryption, decryption etc.
 Modems: Equalization, noise and echo cancellation, better
SNR
 Communication channel: encoding, decoding, equalization
etc.
Distributed Characteristics

 Components may be physically distributed

 Communicating processes on multiple processors
 Dedicated hw connected through communicating channels
 Often economical
 4 x 8 Bit controllers may be cheaper than a 32 bit
microcontroller
 Multiple processors can perform multiple time critical tasks
 Better logistics – devices being controlled may be physically
distributed
Design Metrics
 Unit cost – the $ cost for each unit excluding development cost
 NRE cost: $ cost for design and development
 Size: The physical space reqd. – determined by bytes of sw,
number of gates and transistors in hw
 Performance: execution time or throughput of the system
 Power: lifetime of battery, cooling provisions
 Flexibility: ability to change functionality without heavy NRE
cost
Design Metrics

 Time to market = Time to prototype + Time to refine + Time

to produce in bulk
 Correctness: Test and Validation
 Safety:

 Often these metrics are contradictory – hence calls for

optimization
 Processor choice, partitioning decisions, compilation knowledge
 Requires expertise in H/w and S/w both
Major Subtasks of Embedded System
Design
 Modeling the system to be designed and constraints
 Experimenting with different algorithms and their
preliminary evaluation
 Factoring the task into smaller subtasks and modeling their
interaction
 Refinement
 HW-SW partitioning
 Allocating the tasks into hw, sw running on custom hw or
general purpose hw
 Scheduling – allocation of time steps for several modules
sharing the same resource
 Implementation: Actual hw binding and sw code generation
 Simulation and Validation
 Iterate if necessary
What is Co-design?
 Traditional design
 SW and HW partitioning done at an early stage and
development henceforth proceeds independently
 CAD tools are focussed towards hardware synthesis
 For embedded systems we need several components
 DSPs, microprocessors, network and bus interface etc.
 HW-SW codesign allow hw and sw design to proceed in parallel
with interactions and feedback between the two processes
 Evaluation of trade offs and performance yields ultimate result
Design Issues
(Hardware-Software Co-design)
 System Specification

 Functions, Real Time Constraints, Cost and Power

Constraints

 Hardware Software Partitioning

 Hardware Synthesis

 Software Synthesis and Code Generation

 Simulation

 Implementation
CAD for Embedded Systems

 Co-design: Joint optimization of hw and sw to optimize design metrics

 Co-synthesis: Synthesizes designs from formal specifications

 Rapid prototyping and design space exploration

 Many of the tasks are interrelated

 Intermediate evaluation is not easy as a later decision in one path

affects the other
A Mix of Disciplines
 Application Domain (Signal processing, control …)

 Software Engg. ( Design Process plays an important role)

 Programming Language

 Compilers and Operating System

 Architecture – Processor and IO techniques

 Parallel and Distributed Computing

 Real Time Systems

Requirements of Embedded Systems
 Functional Requirements

 Direct Digital Control

 Data Collection
 Man-Machine Interaction

 Temporal Requirements
 Tasks may have deadlines
 Minimal latency jitter
 Minimal error detection latency
 Timing requirements due to tight software control loops
 Human interface requirements
Requirements of Embedded Systems

 Dependability Requirements

 Reliability

 Safety

 Maintainability

 Availability

 Security
Major Components in Embedded
Systems
 Data acquisition and Essential Components
processing
 Communication  Microprocessor / DSP
 System logic and control  Sensors
algorithm  Converters (A-D and D-A)
 Interface  Actuators
 Auxiliary units  Memory (On-chip and Off
 Display chip)
 Storage Communication path with the
 Monitoring and protection interacting environment
 Test and diagnosis
Embedded System Structure
(Generic)

Processor & D- Actuator

Sensor A-
ASICs A
D

Memory
Block Diagram of Embedded Systems
 Hardware: Processors,
ASIC Analog ASIC (application specifics),
memory. It is used for
I/O performance and
Processors Memory sometimes

 Software: C or Assembly
language is used as
software. It is used for
providing features and
flexibilities
Embedded Hardware
 Processor: A processor is a digital circuit designed to perform
computation tasks
 An embedded system consists of single purpose processor
rather than general-purpose processor
 Single purpose processor is more better then General-
purpose processor
 ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits)
 It is the silicon chip with an array of unconnected
transistors
 It includes gate arrays and standard cell Ics
 Memory
 A fixed size volatile memory such as DRAM or SRAM & non-
volatile memory such as flash or EPROM, connected to
microprocessor or micro controller, is used
Embedded Hardware
 Peripherals
 According to the block diagram of embedded system as shown
in the figure above analog I/O consists of the several
peripherals according to the requirement or the application.
Some of the peripherals are listed below
 Timer, Counter
 UART
 Pulse Width Modulators
 DMA Controller
 LCD Controller
 Keypad Controllers
 Stepper Motor Controller
 ADC Converter
 Real Time Clock
EMBEDDED SOFTWARE
 Programming is the design and debugging of a sequence instruction.
Basically software contains programming of processor of the embedded
system
 Two types of programming languages are mainly used:
1. Assembly Language:
 It is made up of a set of mnemonics
 Each mnemonics corresponds directly to a processor machine
instruction code
2. C Language
 As it is the high level language it is shorter and easier to write
 It is independent of the Processor
 IT is used more frequently than assembly language
 C language has two important advantages, because of which it is
much easier to read, revise and port to a different system
1. Built-in structure
2. Checking and Abstraction
ES, MS and RTS
 All embedded systems are microprocessor based systems, but
all microprocessor based systems may not be amenable to
embedding (Area, Power, Cost, Payload parameters).
 Most of the embedded systems have real time constraints, but
there may be ES which are not hard RTS (for example off line
Palm tops)
 There may be RTS which are not embedded (e.g. Separate
Process Control Computers in a network)
 Embedded Systems are not GPS; they are designed for
dedicated applications with specific interfaces with the sphere
of control
Applications
 Aerospace  Telecommunication

 Automotive electronics  Medical Systems

 Consumer Electronics
 Trains
Advantages and Disadvantages

 Advantages:

 Customization yields lower area means compact size

 Lower power
 Lower cost
 Sufficiently high on performance

 Disadvantages:
 Higher hardware/software
 Need designer, compilers, debuggers
 May result in delayed time
CONCLUSION

 We can say that embedded systems are electronic devices that

incorporate a computer (usually a microprocessor) within their

implementation. A computer is used in such devices primarily as a

means to simplify the system design and to provide flexibility. Often

the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is present
Views on embedded System
 It is estimated that each year embedded software is written
five times as much as 'regular' software
 The vast majority of CPU-chips produced world-wide today are
used in the embedded market ... ; only a small portion of
CPU's is applied in PC's
 ... the number of software-constructors of Embedded Systems
will rise from 2 million in 1994 to 10 million in 2010;
... the number of constructors employed by software-producers
'merely' rises from 0.6 million to 1.1 million.
THANK YOU