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INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Use of P-Value

The p-value is used as an alternative to critical values in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was observed, given that the null hypothesis is true. A lower p-value provides stronger evidence against the null hypothesis. To test a hypothesis at a significance level of 0.05, the p-value is compared to 0.05. If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected. An example compares exam scores of students with and without calculators using a z-test, finding a p-value of 0.00599, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis that the means are equal.

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Julius Fronda
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93 views

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Use of P-Value

The p-value is used as an alternative to critical values in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was observed, given that the null hypothesis is true. A lower p-value provides stronger evidence against the null hypothesis. To test a hypothesis at a significance level of 0.05, the p-value is compared to 0.05. If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected. An example compares exam scores of students with and without calculators using a z-test, finding a p-value of 0.00599, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis that the means are equal.

Uploaded by

Julius Fronda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Hypothesis Testing
USING THE P-VALUE
The p-value
> The p-value is now widely used.

 The p-value is utilized as an alternative and


equivalent way of conducting test of significance.

Comparing the the p-value with the level of


significance, or alpha makes your work
simpler.
The p-value
P-value refers to the probability or the expected value
that the phenomenon is likely to appear.

It is represented by the area under the normal curve.

If the hypothesis is to be tested at = 0.05, then the area of the rejection region is 0.05.
Use p-value approach in hypothesis testing

▪The solution is basically


the same as when the
critical value or the Z-
tabular is used.
Traditional Approach VS P-Value Approach

▪Step
  2: a) FOR ONE-TAILED TEST
- Write and the p-value
b) FOR TWO-TAILED TEST
-Divide the by 2
Step 3: In the decision rule:
- comparison will be made between the p-
value and alpha. (instead of the computed and tabular
values of the test statistic)
Example 1

▪A statistics teacher wants to know


at 5% level of significance
if students without calculators
got significantly lower scores than
in the third quarter exam than
those with calculators.
Example 1

Step1. Open Microsoft Excel, then enter the data into separate
columns.
Scores of Students without Calculator (Without calculator)
79 80 83 90 70 65 60 71 85 89
80 87 85 85 75 73 74 71 70 68
88 78 81 85 87 91 93 90 83 84
81 80 74 73 71 66 65 60 78 78
Scores of Students with Calculator ( With Calculator)

88 80 81 66 75 75 78 61 85 90 89 88 91
81 85 88 84 86 83 84 85 88 81 80 83 81
95 90 99 98 65 60 61 90 91 93 83 80
82 85 91 90 88 81 80 80 87 87 86 83
Example 1.

Step 2. Go to tools . Then to data analysis

Since you need some descriptive statistics like the mean, standard deviation, and variance,
you might as well generate first the descriptive statistics
a.) Highlight the data including the heading,
b.) click data analysis “pop up” menu will come out.
c.) Click descriptive statistics.
d.) Click OK
Example 1.

Highlight the data including the heading,


Determine the descriptive statistics for the other variable, with calculator.
Repeat the step done in determining the descriptive statistics for without calculator

Highlight the data on “with calculator” including the


heading
Step 3. Select the test statistic Z-test: two
sample for means, then ok.

Note: Highlight/select the data first before you click data analysis.
4. A dialogue box will appear:
Variable range 1: Highlight the data without calculator
Variable range 2: Highlight the data with calculator
Step 5. Hypothesized Difference: Input 0
Step 6.
Variable 1 Variance: Type the variance of those
without calculator

Variable 2 Variance: Type the variance of those


With calculator
Step 7.
 

Type
alpha,
Step 8.
Click on
output range:
Click one cell,
then “ok”.
The Output
z-Test: Two Sample for Means

Without Calculator With Calculator


Mean 78.15 83.22
Known Variance 76.23 74.87
Observations 40 50
Hypothesized Mean 0
Difference
z -2.748320728 Computed Z
P(Z<=z) one-tail 0.002995069 P-value for one-tailed
z Critical one-tail 1.644853627 Tabular Z ( one-tailed)
P(Z<=z) two-tail 0.005990138 P-value for two-tailed
z Critical two-tail 1.959963985 Tabular Z (two-tailed)

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