EngineeringMechanics

• Dynamics is that branch of mechanics which

deals with the motion of bodies under the
action of forces.
• The study of dynamics in engineering usually
follows the study of statics, which deals with
the effects of forces on bodies at rest.
• Dynamics is a relatively recent subject
compared with statics.
• The beginning of a rational understanding of
dynamics is credited to Galileo (1564–1642),
who made careful observations concerning
bodies in free fall, motion on an inclined
plane, and motion of the pendulum.
• Newton (1642–1727), guided by Galileo’s
work, was able to make an accurate
formulation of the laws of motion and, thus,
to place dynamics on a sound basis. Newton’s
famous work was published in the first edition
of his Principia,* which is generally recognized
as one of the greatest of all recorded
contributions to knowledge.
 Newton’s 3 Laws of motion
• Law I. A particle remains at rest or continues to
move with uniform velocity (in a straight line with a
constant speed) if there is no unbalanced force
acting on it.
• Law II. The acceleration of a particle is proportional
to the resultant force acting on it and is in the
direction of this force.
• Law III. The forces of action and reaction between
interacting bodies are equal in magnitude, opposite
in direction, and collinear.
 Basic Concepts
• Space is the geometric region occupied by
bodies.
• The basic frame of reference for the laws of
Newtonian mechanics is the primary inertial
system or astronomical frame of reference,
which is an imaginary set of rectangular axes
assumed to have no translation or rotation in
space.
 Basic Concepts
• Measurements show that the laws of Newtonian
mechanics are valid for this reference system as
long as any velocities involved are negligible
compared with the speed of light, which is 300
000 km/s or 186,000 mi/sec.
• Measurements made with respect to this
reference are said to be absolute, and this
reference system may be considered “fixed” in
space.
 Basic Concepts
• Time is a measure of the succession of events
and is considered an absolute quantity in
Newtonian mechanics.
• Mass is the quantitative measure of the inertia
or resistance to change in motion of a body.
Mass may also be considered as the quantity
of matter in a body as well as the property
which gives rise to gravitational attraction.
 Basic Concepts
• Force is the vector action of one body on
another. The properties of forces have been
thoroughly treated in Vol. 1 Statics.
• A particle is a body of negligible dimensions.
When the dimensions of a body are irrelevant
to the description of its motion or the action
of forces on it, the body may be treated as a
particle.
 Basic Concepts
• A rigid body is a body whose changes in shape are
negligible compared with the overall dimensions of
the body or with the changes in position of the body
as a whole.
• Vector and scalar quantities have been treated
extensively in Vol. 1 Statics, and their distinction
should be perfectly clear by now.
• Scalar quantities are printed in lightface italic type,
and vectors are shown in boldface type. Thus, V
denotes the scalar magnitude of the vector V.
 Basic Concepts
• Units
 Basic Concepts
• Gravitation
• Newton’s law of gravitation, which governs
the mutual attraction between bodies, is
 Kinematics of Particles
• Kinematics is the branch of dynamics which
describes the motion of bodies without
reference to the forces which either cause the
motion or are generated as a result of the
motion. Kinematics is often described as the
“geometry of motion.”
 Kinematics of Particles
• A thorough working knowledge of kinematics
is a prerequisite to kinetics, which is the study
of the relationships between motion and the
corresponding forces which cause or
accompany the motion.
 Kinematics of Particles
• Particle Motion
• A particle is a body whose physical dimensions are
so small compared with the radius of curvature of
its path that we may treat the motion of the particle
as that of a point.
• We can describe the motion of a particle in a
number of ways, and the choice of the most
convenient or appropriate way depends a great deal
on experience and on how the data are given.
Particle Motion
 Particle Motion
• Choice of Coordinates
• The position of particle P at any time t can be
described by specifying its rectangular
coordinates x, y, z, its cylindrical coordinates r,
θ, z, or its spherical coordinates R,θ,φ . The
motion of P can also be described by
measurements along the tangent t and normal
n to the curve.
 Particle Motion
• Rectilinear Motion
• Consider a particle P moving along a straight line,

• The position of P at any instant of time t can be

specified by its distance s measured from some
convenient reference point O fixed on the line.
 Rectilinear Motion

• Velocity and Acceleration

 Rectilinear Motion
• The acceleration is positive or negative
depending on whether the velocity is
increasing or decreasing. Note that the
acceleration would be positive if the particle
had a negative velocity which was becoming
less negative. If the particle is slowing down,
the particle is said to be decelerating.
 Rectilinear Motion
Graphical
Interpretations
 Rectilinear Motion
Graphical Interpretations
 Rectilinear Motion
• Graphical Interpretations
 Rectilinear Motion
• When the acceleration a is plotted as a
function of the position coordinate s,
 Rectilinear Motion
• KEY CONCEPTS
• (a) Constant Acceleration.
 Rectilinear Motion
• (b) Acceleration Given as a Function of Time,
a = ƒ(t).
 Rectilinear Motion
• (c) Acceleration Given as a Function of
Velocity, a =ƒ(v).
 Rectilinear Motion
(d) Acceleration Given as a Function of
Displacement, a = ƒ(s).
And v=g(s),
Examples
Distance vs. Time

Velocity vs. Time

Acceleration vs. Time

Examples