Odessa national Academy of communications named O. S.

POPOV Department of
telecommunication theory named A. G. ZYUKO

Lecture material
by discipline
"Metrology, standardization, certification and quality management“
bachelor's degree in higher education
6.050903 telecommunications

Teacher P.P. Selivanov

ODESA 2020
LECTURE 1
METROLOGY. STATE SYSTEM FOR ENSURING THE UNIFORMITY OF
MEASUREMENTS
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
 Metrology is the science of measurement, methods and means to ensure their unity and
achieve the required accuracy. The subject of metrology is extraction of quantitative
information about the properties of objects and processes with given accuracy and
probability. The means of metrology a set of means of measuring and metrological
standards that ensure their rational use.
 Metrology consists of three main sections: theoretical metrology, legal metrology and
practical (applied) metrology.
 Theoretical metrology is section of metrology, the subject of which is develop of
fundamental basics of metrology, the question of measurement theory. Sometimes use the
term fundamental metrology. Legal metrology is section of metrology, the subject of which
is establishing mandatory of technical and legal requirements for use of units of physical
quantity, standards, methods and tools of measurement to ensure the unity and required
accuracy of measurement the interests of society. Practical (applied) metrology is section
of metrology, the subject of which is the question of practical application of theoretical
development of metrology and legal metrology regulations. It runs to all matters of
metrological support.
2. BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITION

 Physical quantity (PQ) – one of the properties of physical objects (physical system
phenomenon or process ), the general qualitative terms for many physical objects, but in
quantitative terms, individual for each.
 Measurement of PQ – a set of operations on the application of technical means, which keeps
the unit PQ, which provide of the ratio (in the form of explicit or implicit) of the measured
value with its unit and obtain the value of this variable. Size of PQ – quantitative determination
of physical quantities that characterized specific material object, system, process or
phenomenon . The value of PQ – size expression of PQ in the form of a certain number of
units for her. The numerical value of PQ – abstract number that is included in the value of
quantity.
 In metrology is used the concept of true and actual value of PQ. True value of PQ – the value
of physical quantity that perfect characterizes in quantitative terms the relevant physical
quantity. The true value of PQ can be correlated with the concept of absolute truth. It can be
obtained only through the endless process of measurement. Actual value of PQ – the value of
the physical quantity received experimentally and so close to the true value, that in the
delivered measuring task can be used instead.
 Often, when measured of PQ is introduced supporting PQ, which is called the physical
parameter. For example , when measuring voltage AC power frequency voltage is
considered as a parameter of voltage. In the evaluating the quality of products is often
used expression measured parameters. Here, under the parameters tend to involve
physical quantities, which, of course, the best way reflect the quality of products or
processes.
 The set PQ formed in accordance with accepted principles, when one value taken as
independent, while others are determined as a function of the International System of
Units (SI), expressed in symbols L M T I θ N J, which denote, respectively, the main
symbols variables: length L, mass M, time T, electric current I, temperature θ, number
of substance N and power of light J, conditionally accepted as independent of the
other variables of the system. From basic value of the system. For example, the
amount of electric charge Q=I∙t, where I – current, t – time. The dimension of the PQ is
expressed in the form of power monomial, composed of products of the main symbols
of physical quantities in different powers, that shows relationships of the physical
quantity can be integer, small, positive or negative. The concept of dimension extend
and on basic quantities. The dimension of the basic values with respect to itself is
equal to unity, that is the basic formula for dimension values coincides with its symbol.
 According to international standard ISO 31/0, the dimension values should denote the
sing of dim. In system of value L M T I θ N J denote of value x will be: dim x=L1, Mm,
Tt, Ii, θ θ, Nn, J,j – symbols of vlues adopted for the main (respectively, length, mass,
time, force of the electric current, temperature, amount of substance, the forces of light).
For example, the power F in system L M T I θ N J is the dimensional value: dimF=LMT-
2.

 If the dimension of PQ basic physical quantities are to the power of zero, it is

dimensionless of PQ. The equation of the relationship between variables in a particular
measurement task is often called measurement equation .For example, the equation
I=UR reflects dependence of the current I on voltage U and resistance R.
 Qualitative determination of physical quantity called the native of PQ. For example, the
length and diameter of the details – homogeneous value and length and weight details –
non homogeneous values. PQ can be additive quantity – is PQ, different values of which
can be summed, multiplied by a numerical factor, divided against each other, such as
length, mass, force, pressure, time, speed, etc. Nonadditive quantity of PQ – for which
summation, multiplication or division numerical coefficient at each of its values has no
physical sense. For example, thermodynamic temperature.
3. UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITY

 In metrology accepted the following definition of units of PQ. The unit of PQ –

physical value of fixed size, which conditionally set to a numeric value of 1, and used
to quantity the homogeneous with her physical quantities. In practice is widely used
concept of legitimate unit, is revealed as a “system of units and (or) individual units
are installed for use in the country according to the laws”. PQ system units – a set of
basic and derivative units of physical quantities, formed according to the principles of
the system for a given physical quantities. For example, the International System of
Units (SI), adopted in 1960, XI-th General Conference on Measures and Weights
(CGPM). In our country, this system works since 1982 in accordance with ДСТУ
2681-94.
 The basic unit of PQ – the basic unit of physical quantity in the system unit. For
example, the basic units of the International System of Units (SI): meter(m),
(kilogram) kg, second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol) and candela (cd).
 The derivative of the unit of PQ system of units – a unit derivative physical
quantity of units formed according to the equation that relates it to basic
units or fixed and are certain derivatives. For example, 1 m/s – the speed of
the unit, formed the basic units of SI – meters and seconds (LT-1), 1 watt – a
unit of power, formed the basic units of SI – kilogram, meter and second
(L2MT3). System unit of PQ – a unit of physical value that is included in the
adopted system of units. Basic, derivatives, multiple and SI units are
systemic. For example: 1 m; 1 m/s; 1 km. Off-system unit of PQ – unit PQ,
that is not included in the adopted system of units. For example, in
communications technology is widely used such a common unit as decibels
(dB). Multiple unit of PQ – unit of PQ, in an integer number times bigger
than system or off-system unit. For example, the unit of frequency of 1 MHz
(megahertz) =106 Hz; Unit
of power 1kilowatt (kW)=103W, multiple W. Submultiple unit of PQ – unit of
PQ, in a whole number of times smaller than the system or off-system unit.
For example, a unit capacity of 1 nF (nanofard) = 10-9 f, share from farad.
The size of the unit PQ – quantitatively defined unit of physical quantity,
reproduced or stored saved by measuring instruments.
4. THE MEANS OF MEASURING TECHNIQUE
 Measuring Technique – a generalized concept that includes technical means specially
designed to measure. According to ДСТУ here, the following definition. The means of
measurement technical (MMT) – a technical tool (or their complex), is designed to
measure which is normalized metrological characteristics (NMC) that produces and (or )
saves the unit of PQ, the amount of which is taken constant (within the prescribed error)
for known time interval. By means of the MMT include measurements and their totality
(measuring systems, measuring installation), measuring accessories, measuring device.
 MMT is classified in two ways: by appointment and functionality. By appointment
distinguish these MMT: measure, measuring instrument, measurement transducer,
measurement installation, measuring system, measure – computing complex.
Measurement Means designed to reproduce and (or) storage PQ one or more specified
size whose values are expressed in terms of the established and well-known with the
required accuracy, called the measure PQ. There are the following types of measures:
identically measure – measure, that reproducing PQ of the same size (example, resistance
of 1 Ohm); multivalue measure – measure, that reproducing PQ of different size
(example, rheostat); set of measure – set of weights of different sizes of the same PQ,
intended for use in practice, both individually and in varius combinations (for example, a
set finite linear measure); store of measure – set of measures constructively integrated
into a single device, which is a device for their connections in various combinations (for
example, store of electrical resistance).
 To obtain the values measured PQ in the prescribed range is used measuring technique.
There are analog and digital devices. Analog Devices – are devices, indication or output
of the function is a continuous change of the measured value.
 Digital devices – a device, whose operation is based on the quantization of the
measured and proportionate to her size. Indications of such devices are presented in
digital form. Technical means of normalized metrological characteristics that serves for
converting the measured value to another value or measuring signal convenient for
processing, storage, for further change, indication or transmission called the measuring
transducer (MT), MT is part of a measuring device (measuring setup of the measuring
system, etc.) or used together with any MM. By nature of the transformation
distinguish analog, digital-to-analog, analog-to-digital converters. At the place of the
measuring range distinguish primary and intermediate converters. There is also a large-
scale converters and transmission. For example, thermocouple in electric voltmeter is
measuring transducer of alternating current into direct current.
 The set of functionally combined measures, measuring devices, transduces and other
devices is designed to measure one or more PQ and located in the same place – a
measuring installation (MI). MI, used to verify the testing unit referred to as a part of
the standard, called the reference plant.
 Measuring system (MS) – a set of functionally combined measures, measuring devices,
transducers, EOM and other technical means located at various points of the controlled
object, etc. for the purpose of measuring one or more PQ inherent in this object and
production test signals for different purposes. Depending on the purpose MS, they are
divided into measurement information system (IMS), control-measuring (CMS),
measuring management systems (MMS) and others. An example is the radio navigation
system to determine the location of different objects consisting of a number of
measuring and computing systems, spaced a considerable distance from each other. In
their composition is includes measuring and computing complex (MMC) – functionally
integrated set of MMT, computers and auxiliary devices is designed to perform as part
of MC specific measuring task. The main features belonging to the means of
measurements MCC is: the presence of the processor or computer software control of
the means of measurements; the availability of standardized metrological
characteristics; a modular structure, consisting of technical (hardware) and software
(algorithmic) subsystems. Means of measurement (MM) or complex MM, intended to
play and (or) storage unit and the transfer of its size below standing on the verification
scheme MM and approved as a standard in the established order, is called the standards
of PQ. Classification, purpose and General requirements for creation, storage and
application of standards sets ГОСТ 8.057-80.
 There are: primary standard – the standard that provides reproduction of unit with the
highest in the country compared to other standards of the same unit of accuracy.
 Secondary standard – a standard, it gets the size of the unit directly from the primary
standard of the unit; comparison standard – is a standard used for comparisons of
standards, which for one reason or another cannot be directly reconciled to each other;
output standard – the standard of having high metrological properties (in the
laboratory organization), which transmit the size of the unit subordinatestandards and
available MM. For the country is the primary standard. Standard, standing in the test
scheme below the original standard – which is designed to transfer a working unit size
MMT (WMMT). The term working standard replaced the term working standard
replaced the term exemplary – MMT (EMMT), that is made with a view to
standardizing terminology and its approach to the international. The transfer of the size
of the unit is performed via a chain of interacting through the ranks of working
standards. The last working standard is in this circle transfer unit size WMMT.
 The state primary standard – primary standard, recognized by the decision of the
duly authorized state body as a source on the territory of the state. For example, state
standards of the meter, kilogram, second, Ampere, Kelvin, FC, Newton, Pascal, Volt,
Becquerel;
 National standard - a standard recognized by an official decision to serve as the source
country;
 International standard – standard adopted by international agreement as the as the
international Foundation for coordination with him units, reproducible and stored
national standards. For example, the international prototype of the kilogram, saved in
the МБМВ, approved by the 1st of ГКМБ . In addition, there are single standard, group
standard, that transports standards, standards installing and other.
 All government primary and secondary standards, which is the basis of maintenance
of unity of measurements in the country is the reference base of the country.The
number of standards is not constant, but varies depending on the needs of the economy
of the country. Of course, an increase in their number from the fact that due to the
constant development of working MMT.
 5. METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEANS OF MEASURING
TECHNIQUE. ACCURACY CLASS
 Metrological characteristics (MC) - characteristics of one of the properties of MMT, which affects
the measurement result and its error. For each type of MMT establish their MC. MC, installed
normative and technical documents, called normalized metrological characteristics (AMC). The main
MC has the following characteristics: error of MMT; indications of MMT; variation indications VI,
measuring range of MMT; nominal and real value measure, sensitivity and threshold of MMT; MMT
graded characteristics, metrological reliability of MMT; MMT drift readings. One of the main MC of
MMT its error. By way of expression distinguish error – absolute, relative and fedutual.
 Absolute error (Δ) – error of MMT, expressed in units of measurement of PQ. Fo measure – this is
the difference between its nominal value and the true. For measuring instruments is the difference
between indication of the MMT and true (actual) value measured of PQ. Measuring transducer is the
difference of the real factor of transformation and true (for example, a real gain and true).
 Relative error (δ) – error of MMT, expressed by the ratio of the absolute error of MMT in actual
value of the measured PQ or the measurement result.
 Fedutual error of MMT – the ratio of the absolute error of MMT to conditionally adopted quantity
value constant throughout the measuring range or the range. Conditionally accepted value of call
normalized values.
 Normalized value is assumed to be:
1. the final value of scale MMT with zero division at the beginning ;
2. sum of end scale value excluding zero division mark in the middle of the scale;
3. length scale at sharply uneven scale of MMT;
4. difference between final and initial values of MMT without the zero point. Resulted error, of
course, expressed as a percentage. All these errors are normalized by VIM-93 as follows. The limit
of permissible absolute error expressed:
5. one value ∆=±a, (1.1) where a – constant;
6. as a binominal ∆=±(a+bx) (1.2) Where a and b – constant.
 The limit of relative error is expressed by one of the following formulas:
δ=∆x∙100% (1.3)
Or
δ=±c+dxkx-1, (1.4)
 where c and d – constant number, expressed as a percentage, representing, respectively, the errors
in the end of the measurement range and at its beginning;
xk – the final value of the measuring range.
Limit resulted error γ=∆xN∙100%, (1.5)
where xN – value, that is normalized.
 Generalized MC of MMT is its accuracy class that defines all permissible limits of error, as
well as all other properties that affect its accuracy. Accuracy class for MMT relative and
reduced errors expressed following the recommended range of numbers ДСТУ 2681-94:
 p:(1; 1.5; 2; 2,5; 4; 5;) · 10 n, (1.6)
 where n=+1; 0; -1; -2; and etc.
 There are several ways to designation accuracy class.
 The first method. Accuracy class of MMT g specifies simply one of the best numbers of the
above pre-emptive number (for example, R-1.0). In this case, the limit of allowable absolute
error of constant and expressed in terms of the measured value and the limit of the
permissible error &=1%. The normalizing value, expressed in units of the measured value.
Thus indicate the classes of accuracy a uniform or a power (exponent of not more than 2)
scale.
 Terms of rounding error the calculated values and the result of measurement are as follows;
 error of measurement results indicate two significant digits, if the first one is 1 or 2 and one –
if the first is 3 or more;
 the measurement result is rounded up to the same number of decimal places that ends the
rounded value of absolute error;
 rounding is performed only in the final response and all the previous calculation carried
out with one or two extra digits.