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Formatted and Unformatted Functions

Formatted input/output functions allow data to be input from and output to standard streams in a formatted manner. The printf() function outputs data according to a format string, while scanf() reads input according to a format string and stores it in variables. Format specifiers like %d, %f and %s control how integer, float and string data are formatted during output and input. Field width, precision and escape sequences provide further control over formatting.

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Suresh Reddy Polinati
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94 views

Formatted and Unformatted Functions

Formatted input/output functions allow data to be input from and output to standard streams in a formatted manner. The printf() function outputs data according to a format string, while scanf() reads input according to a format string and stores it in variables. Format specifiers like %d, %f and %s control how integer, float and string data are formatted during output and input. Field width, precision and escape sequences provide further control over formatting.

Uploaded by

Suresh Reddy Polinati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Formatted and Unformatted

• Input/Output functions
Outline
• Formatted Input/Output functions
– printf() function
– scanf() function
• Conversion Specifiers
Introduction
• Presentation of output is very important.
• Formatted functions scanf and printf :
– these functions input data from standard input
stream and
– output data to standard output stream.
• Include the header #include<stdio.h>
Streams
• Streams are sequence of bytes.
• In input operations, the bytes flow from a
device(e.g. keyboard, disk drive) to main
memory.
• In output operations, bytes flow from main
memory to device(e.g. display screen, printer).
Standard I/O Functions
• There are many library functions available for
standard I/O.
• These functions are divided into two
categories:
–Unformatted functions
–Formatted functions
Formatted Functions
• With Formatted functions, input and output is
formatted as per our requirement
– For example, if different values are to be displayed, how
much field width i.e., how many columns on screen, is
to be used, and how much space between two values is
to be given. If a value to be displayed is of real type,
then how many decimal places to output
• Formatted functions are:
– printf()
– scanf()
Unformatted functions
• The unformatted functions work only with character data
type.
• They do not require format conversion symbol for formatting
of data types because they work only with character data type
• Unformatted functions are:
– getchar() and putchar()
– getch() and putch()
– gets() and puts()
Formatted output with printf function
• The printf() function: (Formatted output)
printf() is an output function that takes text and values from within
the program and sends it out onto the screen.
In general terms, the printf function is written as:
Syntax
printf(“format-control-string”, arg1,arg2,……….,argN);

• The format-control-string can contain:


– Characters that are simply printed as they are
– Conversion specifications that begin with a % sign
– Escape sequences that begin with a \ sign
 The arguments can be written as constants, single variable or array
names, or more complex expressions.
Example
printf(“Area of circle is %f units
\n”, area);
In this :-
“Area of circle is %f units \n”-is a
control string.
area - is a variable whose value will be printed.
%f- is the conversion specifier indicating the type of
corresponding value to be printed.
Printing Integers
• Integer values can be 0, 890, -328.
Conversion Description Example
Specifier

d Display as a signed decimal integer. printf(“%d”, -890);

i Display as a signed decimal integer. printf(“%i”, -890);

u Display as an unsigned decimal integer. printf(“%u”, 890);

h or l Used before any integer conversion printf(“%hd”, 890);


specifier to indicate that a short or long printf(“%ld”, 800000000L)
integer is displayed, respectively
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
printf( "%d\n", 890);
printf( "%i\n", 890); // i same as d in printf
printf( "%d\n", +890 ); // plus sign does not //print
printf( "%d\n", -890 ); // minus sign prints
printf( "%hd\n", 32000 );
printf( "%ld\n", 2000000000L ); // L suffix makes //literal
a long
printf( "%u\n", 890 );
printf( "%u\n", -890 ); //error
}

890
890
890
-890
32000
200000000
890
3246435674
Printing Floating-Point number
• Decimal point numbers like 0.01, 98.07 or -23.78
Conversion Description Example
Specifier
e or E Display a floating-point value in printf(“%e”,-1234567.89);
exponential notation.
f or F Display floating-point values in fixed- printf(“%f”,1234567.89);
point notation
g or G Display a floating-point value in either printf(“%g”, 1234567.89);
the floating-point from f or the
exponential form e based on the
magnitude of the value
L Used before any floating-point printf(“%lf”,1234567.89L);
conversion specifier to indicate that a
long double is displayed.
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
printf( "%e\n", 1234567.89 );
printf( "%e\n", -1234567.89 );//minus prints
printf( "%E\n", 1234567.89 );
printf( "%f\n", 1234567.89 );
printf( "%g\n", 1234567.89 );
printf( "%G\n", 1234567.89 );
}

1.234568e+006
-1.234568e+006
1.234568E+006
1234567.890000
1.234568e+006
1.234568E+006
Printing Strings and Characters
Character = ‘A’ and String= “This is string”
Conversion Description Example
Specifier
c Display a single character argument. printf(“%c”, ‘A’);
s Displays a string and requires a pointer printf(“%s”, “This is
to a character argument. String”);

Conversion Specifier s causes characters to be


printed until a terminating null(‘\0’) character
is encountered.
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
char character = 'A'; // initialize char
char string[] = "This is a string"; // initialize char
array

printf( "%c\n",
character );
printf( "%s\n",
"This is a string" );
printf( "%s\n", string );

A
This is string
This is string
Other Conversion Specifier
Pointer holds the address of another variable.
Conversion Description Example
Specifier
p Display a pointer value Int *ptr=&score;
printf(“%p”, ptr);
printf(“%p”, &score);
% Displays the percent character. printf(“a%%”);
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int *ptr; // define pointer to int
int x = 12345; // initialize int x

ptr = &x; // assign address of x to ptr


printf( "The value of ptr is %p\n", ptr );
printf( "The address of x is %p\n\n", &x );

printf( "Printing a %% in a format control string\n" );


}

The value of ptr is 002ER443


The address of x is 002ER443

Printing a % in a format control string


How?
• Till now we have displayed numbers in left
justified manner
• Consider the program that displays
1
12
123
1234
12345
Printing with Field widths
• Field width: the exact size of field in which
data is printed is specified by field width.
• The data is printed in the specified field and
right justified.
• The integer representing the width size is
inserted between percent sign(%) and the
conversion specifier(e.g. %8d).
#include <stdio.h>

int main( void )


{
printf( "%4d\n", 123 );
printf( "%4d\n", 1234 );
printf( "%4d\n\n", 12345 );

printf( "%4d\n", -123 );


printf( "%4d\n", -1234 );
printf( "%4d\n", -12345 );
}

123
1234
12345

-123
-1234
-12345
How?
• Dividing 7 by 3
Answer :
2.33333333333……
But the required output is
2.3333
Printing with Precision
• Specifies precision with which data is printed.
• Precision with integer conversion specifier indicates
the minimum number of digits to be printed.
• Precision with floating-point conversion specifier
indicates the number of digits to appear after the
decimal point.
• Precision with string specifier indicates the
maximum number of characters to be written from
the string.
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int i = 873; // initialize int i
double f = 123.94536; // initialize double f
char s[] = "Happy Birthday"; // initialize char array s

printf( "Using precision for integers" );


printf( “%.4d \n %.9d \n\n", i, i );

printf( "Using precision for floating-point numbers" );


printf( “%.3f \n %.3e\n %.3g \n\n", f, f, f );

printf( "Using precision for strings" );


printf( “%.11s \n", s );
}

Using precision for integers


0873
000000873

Using precision for floating-point numbers


123.945
1.239e+002
124

Using precision for strings


Happy Birth
How?
Suppose the output required is
First\one
there “
There’s
Printing literals and escape sequences
Escape sequence Description
\’ Output the single quote(‘) character
\” Output the double quote(“) character
\\ Output the backslash (\) character
\a Cause an audible(bell)
\b Move the cursor back one position on the current line
\n Move the cursor to the beginning of the next line
\t Move the cursor to the next horizontal tab position
Formatted Functions
The scanf() function: (Formatted input)
scanf() is a function that reads data from the keyboard. It
interprets character input to the computer and stores the
interpretation in specified variable(s).
In general terms, the scanf function is written as:
Syntax
scanf (format-control-string, arg1, arg2,………., argN);

• The format-control-string can contain:


– Describes the format of the input.
– Conversion specifications that begin with a % sign.
• The arguments are the pointers to variables in which the input
will be stored.
Example:
scanf(“%s %d %f”, name, &age,
&salary);
In this :-
“%s %d %f”- is a control string.
name – is a string argument and it’s a array name
and implicit memory address reference.
age - is a decimal integer variable preceded by &.
salary - is floating-point value preceded by &.
Reading data
Conversion Specifier Description
d Read signed decimal integer
i Read a signed decimal integer
u Read an unsigned decimal integer
h or l Used before any integer conversion specifier to
indicate that a short or long integer is to be input,
respectively
e, E, f, g, G Read a floating-point value
c Read a character
s Read a string
p Read an address
% Skip the percent sign(%) in the input
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{ int a, c;
float f;
char day[10];
printf( "Enter integers: " );
scanf( "%d %u", &a, &c);

printf( "Enter floating-point numbers:" );


scanf( "%f", &f);

printf( "%s", "Enter a string: " );


scanf( "%8s", day );
}

Enter integers: -89 23


Enter floating-point numbers:
1.34256
Enter a string:
monday

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