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An Overview of Machine Learning

This document provides an overview of machine learning, including defining machine learning, describing learning system models and the training and testing process. It discusses factors that affect performance such as algorithms, and describes common machine learning algorithms like supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. Applications of machine learning like face detection and object recognition are also mentioned.

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Vaishali Sharma
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90 views

An Overview of Machine Learning

This document provides an overview of machine learning, including defining machine learning, describing learning system models and the training and testing process. It discusses factors that affect performance such as algorithms, and describes common machine learning algorithms like supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. Applications of machine learning like face detection and object recognition are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

Vaishali Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

An Overview of

Machine Learning
Speaker: Yi-Fan Chang
Adviser: Prof. J. J. Ding
Date: 2011/10/21
Outline & Content
 What is machine learning?
 Learning system model
 Training and testing
 Performance
 Algorithms
 Machine learning structure
 What are we seeking?
 Learning techniques
 Applications
 Conclusion
What is machine learning?
 A branch of artificial intelligence, concerned wit
h the design and development of algorithms that al
low computers to evolve behaviors based on empiric
al data.

 As intelligence requires knowledge, it is necessar


y for the computers to acquire knowledge.
Learning system model

Testing

Input Learning
Samples Method

System

Training
Training and testing

Data acquisition Practical usage

Universal
set
(unobserved
)

Training set Testing set


(observed) (unobserved
)
Training and testing
 Training is the process of making the system able
to learn.

 No free lunch rule:


 Training set and testing set come from the same distribut
ion
 Need to make some assumptions or bias
Performance
 There are several factors affecting the performanc
e:
 Types of training provided
 The form and extent of any initial background knowledge
 The type of feedback provided
 The learning algorithms used

 Two important factors:


 Modeling
 Optimization
Algorithms
 The success of machine learning system also depend
s on the algorithms. 

 The algorithms control the search to find and buil


d the knowledge structures.

 The learning algorithms should extract useful info


rmation from training examples.
Algorithms
 Supervised learning (
)
 Prediction
 Classification (discrete labels), Regression (real value
s)
 Unsupervised learning ( )
 Clustering
 Probability distribution estimation
 Finding association (in features)
 Dimension reduction
 Semi-supervised learning
 Reinforcement learning
 Decision making (robot, chess machine)
Algorithms

Supervised learning Unsupervised learning

10 Semi-supervised learning
Machine learning structure
 Supervised learning
Machine learning structure
 Unsupervised learning
What are we seeking?
 Supervised: Low E-out or maximize probabilistic te
rms
E-in: for training set
E-out: for testing set

 Unsupervised: Minimum quantization error, Minimum


distance, MAP, MLE(maximum likelihood estimation)
What are we seeking?
Under-fitting VS. Over-fitting (fixed N)

error

(model = hypothesis + loss


functions)
Learning techniques
 Supervised learning categories and techniques
 Linear classifier (numerical functions)
 Parametric (Probabilistic functions)
 Naïve Bayes, Gaussian discriminant analysis (GDA), Hi

dden Markov models (HMM), Probabilistic graphical mod


els
 Non-parametric (Instance-based functions)
 K-nearest neighbors, Kernel regression, Kernel densit

y estimation, Local regression


 Non-metric (Symbolic functions)
 Classification and regression tree (CART), decision t

ree
 Aggregation
 Bagging (bootstrap + aggregation), Adaboost, Random f

orest
Learning techniques
• Linear classifier

, where w is an d-dim vector (learned)

 Techniques:
 Perceptron
 Logistic regression
 Support vector machine (SVM)
 Ada-line
 Multi-layer perceptron (MLP)
Learning techniques
Using perceptron learning algorithm(PLA)

Trainin Testing
g rate: 0.10
Error Error rate: 0.156
Learning techniques
Using logistic regression

Trainin Testing
g rate: 0.11
Error Error rate: 0.145
Learning techniques
• Non-linear case

 Support vector machine (SVM):


 Linear to nonlinear: Feature transform and kernel function
Learning techniques
 Unsupervised learning categories and techniques
 Clustering
 K-means clustering

 Spectral clustering

 Density Estimation
 Gaussian mixture model (GMM)

 Graphical models

 Dimensionality reduction
 Principal component analysis (PCA)

 Factor analysis
Applications
 Face detection
 Object detection and recognition
 Image segmentation
 Multimedia event detection
 Economical and commercial usage
Conclusion
We have a simple overview of some t
echniques and algorithms in machine lea
rning. Furthermore, there are more and
more techniques apply machine learning
as a solution. In the future, machine l
earning will play an important role in
our daily life.
Reference
[1] W. L. Chao, J. J. Ding, “Integrate
d Machine Learning Algorithms for Human
Age Estimation”, NTU, 2011.

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