DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

MICROGRID

SMART GRID

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CENTRAL GENERATION

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Distributed Generation

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 Central Distribution
Today ’s electric grid was designed to operate as a vertical structure
consisting of generation ,transmission and distribution and supported
with controls and devices to maintain reliability, stability and efficiency.

Demerits
–Overloaded lines and disconnects
–Weak Grid system may fail
–Natural calamities that collapse lines and cause shorts
–Terrorist attack, or just falling trees?
–Bury lines at high cost? (~three to five times more)

• Distant locations and away from the grid --- use independent power
• Multiple sources of diverse types are less likely to fail at the same time ---
hybrid systems have redundancy and higher reliability

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 Distributed Generation (DG)
• Distributed generation occurs when power is generated
(converted) locally and sometimes might be shared
with or sold to neighbors through the electrical grid (or
over the fence)
– Large central generation is not directly used
• Distributed generation avoids the losses that occur in
transmission over long distances; energy is used nearby
• “Islanding” occurs when a small region of the power
grid is isolated by broken lines, etc., and yet local
sources provide enough power to keep the voltages up

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 Potential Interests of DG
• Huge potential of renewable energy
• Alternative to expansion or use of the local network
• Grid support
• Continuous power
• Standby capacity or peaking power (peak shaving)
• Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
• Green power
• Premium power
• Quality power
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 DG Technology for MG
 Solar PV Generation System
 Wind Energy Conversion Systems
 Micro-turbines based hydel system
 Biomass Generation systems
 Fuel Cells Storage/Generation System
 Chemical Energy Storage (Battery)
 Electrochemical Capacitors Storage
 Fly wheel Storage
 Thermal Storage
 Electromagnetic Storage

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 Microgrid
• Most emerging technologies such as photovoltaic, wind
generator, fuel cells and biomass operated internal
combustion engines are utilized to meet the local
demand as hybrid energy system.
• Indiscriminant application of individual low rated
renewable generators can cause many problems when
they are integrated.
• A better way to integrate these individual low rated,
emerging onsite generation through a system called
microgrid.

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 Microgrid
PCC

• Point of common coupling (PCC): it is the point in the electric circuit where a
microgrid is connected to a main grid. 10
 Smart Grid
 The next generation, the smart grid , will be equipped with
communication support schemes and real -time
measurement techniques to enhance resiliency and
forecasting as well as to protect against internal and external
threats.
 The new grid will be capable of:
 Handling uncertainties in schedules and power transfers
across regions
 Accommodating renewables
 Managing and resolving unpredictable events and
uncertainties in operations and planning more aggressively.

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 Smart Grid
• A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that
uses information and communications
technology (ICT)
• To gather and act on information, such as
information about the behaviors of suppliers
and consumers, in an automated fashion
• To improve the efficiency, reliability, economics,
and sustainability of the production and
distribution of electricity.
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Smart Grid Structure

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TODAY ’S GRID VERSUS THE SMART GRID

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KEY ASPECTS OF SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT

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 Main features of the Smartgrid
• Fault detection and allows self-healing of the network without the
intervention of technicians
• Bidirectional energy flows for distributed generation/storage units
• Demand-side management
• Ability to reduce consumption by communicating to devices directly
in order to prevent system overloads
• Penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as
solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy
storage
• Varying tariff based on the level of demand and the status of the
other generators currently in operation
• Use of robust two-way communications, advanced sensors, and
distributed computing technology will improve the efficiency,
reliability and safety of power delivery and use
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 REPRESENTATIVE ARCHITECTURE
• Architecture -1
• Architecture -2
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 Renewable Energy Resources
• The design and development of the smart grid
requires:
– modeling renewable energy sources and technologies
(wind, PV, solar, biomass, and fuel cells)
– Analyzing their levels of penetration, and
– Conducting impact assessments of the legacy system for
the purpose of modernization.

• Widespread deployment of Distributed Energy

• Sustainable energy:
– called green power, as derived from natural sources that
replenish themselves over time,
– are environmentally friendly and socially acceptable,
– include sun, wind, hydro, biomass, and geo-thermal.

• Future grids will feature rapid integration of alternative

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 Storage Technologies
• Energy storage - important for :
– utility load leveling,
– electrical vehicles,
– solar energy systems,
– uninterrupted power supply, and
– energy systems in remote locations.

• Storage options are particularly essential when

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Fig. Sample topology for a micro-grid system.

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• Two principal reasons why energy storage will grow
in importance with the increased development of
RER:
– Many important RER are intermittent, generating when
the weather dictates, rather than when energy demand
dictates .
– Many transportation systems require energy to be carried
with the vehicle.
• Storage options can be evaluated based on the
characteristic of the application,
– whether the application requires portable or fixed storage
methods, the
– duration when storage will be operational, and the
maximum power needed for the application.
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• Parameters on which the selection of the proper
storage technology depends:
– Unit Size
– Storage Capacity
– Available Capacity
– Self-discharge Time
– Efficiency
– Durability or Life-cycle
– Autonomy
– Mass and Volume Densities
– Cost of installation, operation, and maintenance
– Feasibility
– Reliability

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 Summary
• Described progress in the utilization of cleaner, more
environmentally responsible technologies for the electric
system.
• Managing variability and interoperability were considered for
the smart grid.
• Described the need for conversion and storage technologies
which must be further studied to determine the parameters
necessary for optimal selection and implementation.
• New technologies covered included PHEV that advance
transportation technology while providing additional storage for
the smart grid.

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Courtesy :
James Momoh
“SMART GRID- Fundamentals of Design and Analysis”
2012, IEEE Press, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication.

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