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TSHF - Lecture 02-03 Hydraulic Calculations of Oil Main Pipelines

The document discusses hydraulic calculations for oil pipelines. It covers physical properties of crude oil like density, viscosity, and vapor pressure that influence pipeline design. Methods are presented for determining density from specific gravity and temperature, measuring viscosity, and estimating vapor pressure. The goals of technological pipeline calculations are outlined as optimizing diameter, pressure, wall thickness, and number of pump stations. Key concepts in hydraulic calculations like friction loss, Reynolds number, and hydraulic grade lines are also introduced.

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92 views35 pages

TSHF - Lecture 02-03 Hydraulic Calculations of Oil Main Pipelines

The document discusses hydraulic calculations for oil pipelines. It covers physical properties of crude oil like density, viscosity, and vapor pressure that influence pipeline design. Methods are presented for determining density from specific gravity and temperature, measuring viscosity, and estimating vapor pressure. The goals of technological pipeline calculations are outlined as optimizing diameter, pressure, wall thickness, and number of pump stations. Key concepts in hydraulic calculations like friction loss, Reynolds number, and hydraulic grade lines are also introduced.

Uploaded by

bahhoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hydraulic calculations of oil

main pipelines
Lecture 2
2.1 Physical properties of crude oil
Physical properties of the fluid
The fluid transmitted through a pipeline may be in single phase or
multiphase. A single phase flow can be gaseous or liquid, without any solid
particles and without any other type of liquid or insoluble gas.
Flows of natural gas and of treated oil are examples of a single phase flow.
The physical properties needed for an engineering
analysis are: a) phases present and their percentages;
b) molecular weight; c) density; d) compressibility;
e) viscosity; f ) heat capacity; g) thermal conductivity;
h) surface tension (for multiphase flows).

3
Equation of state of the fluids
To describe the behaviour of the fluid system, equations of state are
used, that link the pressure, the volume and the temperature between
them. To describe the behaviour of real fluids, semi-empirical
relationships have been developed that linkthe various parameters,
using constants developed experimentally. Such equations are generally
called by the name of the researchers that developed them, like the
Peng-Robinson equation, the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation, the
Benidict-Web-Rubin-Starling equation and the Chao-Seader-Grayson-
Steed equation.
Specific physical features for hydraulic
calculations of liquid fluids
The fundamental parameters of a liquid fluid which in the highest
manner influence the hydraulic losses calculation are its specific gravity
(in other words its density) and viscosity while its compressibility is
important for gaseous fluids.
Specific gravity calculation
Density is a physical quantity determined by the mass of the liquid us in
volume unit. Density Units in Mezhna SI's home system of units is kg /
m³
The density of oil and petroleum products depends on the temperature
It is of great importance when accounting for them. Change in the
density the consequence of changing the temperature T is determined
by the formula
specific gravity calculation
density of oil at temperatures T and 293
volume expansion coefficient
specific gravity calculation
In engineering calculations the following relation quite often is used

thermal amendment

the density of the oil at 20 C; t – temperature, C.


Density measurement
Determining the density of petroleum products is important in
accounting for them. In practice, it is determined using an oil
density meter or aerometer
Density of oil mixtures
it is possible to calculate the density of a mixture of petroleum
products, knowing the density of each component

x is the volume fraction of the i-th component in the mixture


Viscosity determining
Dynamic (e), kinematic (v) viscosity are used to characterize
petroleum products.
Viscosity characterizes the properties of liquids to resist nasal
displacement of its particles due to the action of shear forces.
According to I. Newton 's hypothesis the stress of internal friction
between the two layers of fluid are directly proportional to the velocity
gradient normal to the direction of layers movement

where т - tangent shear stresses; μ is the dynamic coefficient of


fluid viscosity; dV / dr- speed gradient.
The coefficient of kinematic viscosity
Units
Units of dynamic viscosity coefficient in SI – Pa*s. In practice, also use
poises (1P = 0.1 Pa- c) and centipoise (1cP = 0.01 P).
Units of kinematic viscosity in SI - m² / s. In addition
Stokes and centiStokes are used (1 St= 1 cm²/ s = 10-⁴ m² / s = 100 cSt).
Viscosity measurement
Viscousgrams
• As the temperature increases, the viscosity of the petroleum products
decreases. At certain temperatures it can be defined by viscosity-
temperature curves called viscousgrams. Typical dependence of the
coefficient of kinematic viscosity of oil on temperature is shown in the
figure below
Empirical evaluation of the viscosity
In the absence of such curves, the viscosity of oil and oil product at the
desired temperature can be determined by the empirical formulas of
Reynolds-Filonov, Panchenkov, Walter (ASTM), Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman,
Frolov and others
Reynolds-Filonov formula

the coefficient of slope of the viscogram

v1 v2 kinematic viscosity at temperature t1, t2, respectively


Empirical evaluation of the viscosity
• Panchenko's formula

• where T is the absolute temperature, K; C, C-coefficients determined


by the known values of viscosity v1 and v2 at temperatures T1 and T2
Empirical evaluation of the viscosity
• Walter's formula

• coefficients of the mathematical modelT1 and T2


Saturated vapor pressure
Saturated vapor pressure Pst
  at a temperature of oil t determines
is based on the empirical formula

boiling point of oil


Bomb for vapor
pressure measurement

1 - water bath; 2-metal apparatus (bomb); C - mercury mano


meter; 4 - thermostat; 5 - gas cock; b - nipple; 7 - air
cell; 8 - fuel chamber
Bulk Modulus [3]
Bulk Modulus of a liquid is a measure of the compressibility of the
liquid. It is defined as the pressure necessary to cause a unit change in
volume. Generally, liquids are considered practically incompressible,
compared to gases:
Approximate values of bulk modulus
For water, K is approximately 300,000 psig whereas for gasoline it is 150,000 psig.
It can
be seen from the values of K that fairly large pressures are required to cause small
volume
changes in liquids. In USCS units bulk modulus K is stated in psig. Two types of K
values
are used: isothermal and adiabatic. The following formulas are used to calculate
the
isothermal and adiabatic bulk modulus
2.2 Hydraulic calculations of oil pipelines
Determining the location of pump station at
the rough
Determining the location of pump station at
the rough
Tasks for technological calculations of main
oil pipelines
• The technological calculation of the main oil pipelines includes the following
main tasks:
• 1) Finding the optimal parameters of the pipeline: the diameter of the pipeline,
the pressure on the oil pumping
• stations, the thickness of the pipeline wall and the number of oil pumping
stations.
• 2) Determining the location of the oil pumping
• stations on the pipeline route.
• 3) The calculation of the modes of operation of the pipeline is taken into account
• the characteristics of the pumping units.

26
The purpose of the hydraulic calculation of
the pipeline
• The purpose of the hydraulic calculation of the pipeline is to find total
energy losses (pressure, head) at implementation of the project mode
of pumping oil and determining the required number of pumping
stations.
• The basic calculation formula for determining the friction losses of oil
head is the Darcy-Weissbach formula

• λ - coefficient of hydraulic resistance; L, D - length and inner diameter


of the pipeline, respectively; W is the average velocity of fluid flow in
the pipeline. While where Q – volumetric flowrate, then
27
• Therefore, the pressure generated by the pumps is lost in losses of
friction pressure hT and local head losses h LL, to compensate energy
losses for changing the position of the fluid when moving through a
relief pipeline (at compensation for the head of the fluid column
corresponding to the difference geodesic pipeline end and start
marks) and at creating a certain residual head at the end of the
pipeline hK, which is required to overcome the pressure of the fluid
column in tanks and compensation for head losses in endpoint
communications

28
• in general, the coefficient of hydraulic resistance depends on the
mode of motion of the fluid, which is characterized by the Reynolds
number,
• and the condition of the inner surface of the pipes, characterized by
the concept of hydraulic roughness

• ke - the absolute equivalent roughness of pipes, for new steel pipes ke


- О, 1 - 0,2 mm.

29
• Consider the axis of Reynolds numbers, which distinguish the modes
of fluid motion and the zone of hydraulic friction in turbulent mode
• laminar mode (Re <Re cr = 2320)
• In turbulent mode there are three zones of hydraulic friction:
• 1) Area of hydraulically smooth pipes

• 2) Mixed friction zone or transition zone from smooth-wall friction to


the zone of hydraulically rough pipes

• 3) Hydraulically rough pipe area or quadratic zone


30
31
Hydraulic grade line in the pipeline
• Hydraulic grade line is called friction head loss, referred to the unit
length of the pipeline, in other words it is the tangent of the slope of
the incline line

32
Hydraulic grade line for Looping sections

Hydraulic grade line

when laminar mode becomes important

in turbulent mode in the Blazius zone

in turbulent mode in the zone of mixed


friction

in the turbulent regime in the quadratic


zone
33
If then

34
Hydraulic grade line for Inserted branch with
bigger diameter

35

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