Mobile communications

(Assignment)

BY:
LASKAR BHARATH REDDY
17STUCHH010286
ECE
1) WHAT IS UPGRADE FROM 1G TO 3G ?
• 1G: First Generation
This was the first generation of cell phone technology . The very first generation of commercial cellular
network was introduced in the late 70's with fully implemented standards being established throughout the
80's. It was introduced in 1987 by Telecom (known today as Telstra), Australia received its first cellular
mobile phone network utilising a 1G analog system. 1G is an analog technology and the phones generally
had poor battery life and voice quality was large without much security, and would sometimes
experience dropped calls . These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the
1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The maximum speed of 1G
is 2.4 Kbps .
• 2G - Second Generation:
Cell phones received their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. Main motive of this
generation was to provide secure and reliable communication channel. It implemented the concept
of CDMA and GSM .Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the
GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. The advance in technology from 1G to
2G introduced many of the fundamental services that we still use today, such as SMS, internal roaming ,
conference calls, call hold and billing based on services e.g. charges based on long distance calls and real
time billing. The max speed of 2G with General Packet Radio Service ( GPRS ) is 50 Kbps or 1 Mbps with
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution ( EDGE ). Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless
networks, the lesser-known 2.5G and 2.75G was an interim standard that bridged the gap.
3G :Third Generation

• This generation set the standards for most of the wireless technology we have
come to know and love. Web browsing, email, video downloading, picture sharing
and other Smartphone technology were introduced in the third generation.
• The 3G standard utilises a new technology called UMTS as its core network
architecture - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. This network
combines aspects of the 2G network with some new technology and protocols to
deliver a significantly faster data rate.
• 3G has Multimedia services support along with streaming are more popular.3G
increased the efficiency of frequency spectrum by improving how audio
is compressed during a call, so more simultaneous calls can happen in the same
frequency range. The UN's International Telecommunications Union IMT-
2000 standard requires stationary speeds of 2Mbps and mobile speeds of
384kbps for a "true" 3G. The theoretical max speed for HSPA+ is 21.6 Mbps.
2) WHAT IS LTE ?
LTE is a newer version of 3G. LTE is short for “long term evolution”. It’s derived from the journey of mobile
connectivity.
LTE is the pinnacle of many years of development. It’s often compared to 4G. But the standards for 4G are actually
higher than LTE’s current capabilities.  We’ll get to the speeds in a minute.
Let’s first have a look at what other differences there are between these two .
 3G vs. LTE
As mentioned before, these two are family. LTE is the modern newcomer whereas 3G has been around for a while.
LTE is a lot faster, but in high traffic areas can be slower than 3G.
The problem is congestion. When it’s rush hour in the city, it’s sometimes faster to take the back roads than the
freeway.
While 3G can be faster than LTE in rare circumstances, the norm is that LTE is much faster. There is also 3G HSPA+,
which is faster than its 3G cousin. But it’s still no match, under ideal circumstances, to LTE.
Network stability can also play a vital role in connection speeds. A stable 3G network can outperform an unstable LTE
network.
  3G LTE
Speeds of up to 7.2Mbps. Speeds of up to 1Gbps.
Old technology with stable, New technology. Servers can be
established servers. unstable in rare cases.
Good for older model phones. Good for newer model phones.
DATA RATE IN LTE
• LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and
50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.
• The maximum data rate depends on channel bandwidth. As LTE uses different
channel bandwidths both for FDD and TDD.
LTE MODULATION :
• Modulation is the process of varying the properties of a carrier signal such as
frequency, phase and amplitude with a modulating signal that contains the actual
information to be transmitted. A modulator does the modulation of a signal and
a demodulator does exactly the reverse of modulation. The device which does
both modulation and demodulation is called as the MODEM.
Packet switch VoIP :
• As 4G LTE uses a packet switched network to transmit data, there are two
technologies that are used for voice calls, 1) CSFB or Circuit Switched Fall Back,
when a user makes a voice call the mobile latches to a 3G or 2G network that is
available to make the call. Data traffic is sent through the LTE network.

​
3) WHAT IS 5G ?
• 5G is the 5th generation of mobile networks, a significant evolution of todays 4G
LTE networks.  5G has been designed to meet the very large growth in data and
connectivity of today’s modern society, the internet of things with billions of
connected devices, and tomorrow’s innovations. 5G will initially operate in
conjunction with existing 4G networks before evolving to fully standalone
networks in subsequent releases and coverage expansions .
• In addition to delivering faster connections and greater capacity, a very important
advantage of 5G is the fast response time referred to as latency.
Latency is the time taken for devices to respond to each other over the wireless
network. 3G networks had a typical response time of 100 milliseconds, 4G is
around 30 milliseconds and 5G will be as low as 1 millisecond. This is virtually
instantaneous opening up a new world of connected applications.
What is new radio scheme in 5G ?
• With the demanding requirements being placed upon the new 5G mobile communications
standard, a totally new radio interface and radio access network has been developed. Called 5G
New Radio or 5G NR, the new radio interface provides for the growing needs for mobile
connectivity.
• The development of the 5G NR or 5G New Radio is key to enabling the 5G mobile
communications system to work and it provides a number of significant advantages when
compared to 4G.
• 5G NR has been developed from scratch taking the requirements and looking at the best
technologies and techniques that will be available when 5G starts to be deployed.
• 5G NR utilizes modulation, waveforms and access technologies that will enable the system to
meet the needs of high data rate services, those needing low latency and those needing small
data rates and long battery lifetimes amongst others.