GREETINGS
HVAC Design of Commercial
Buildings with TES
From
KPS RAMESH, MD & Chief Consultant
Air Treatment Engineering Pvt Ltd
Introduction
Air-Conditioning System for Commercial Buildings
is ideal with Centralized Chiller Plant. Because of :
Better efficiency,
Utilization of diversity in Building load
Flexibility of operation
Easier maintenance
Type of Chiller Plant
Chiller plant can be either of Air cooled type or water
cooled type or hybrid chillers.
Chiller plant shall be complete with chillers, primary
pumps, secondary pumps, cooling tower, air
separators, compression tanks and inter connecting
piping with valves and fittings.
Energy Efficiency
HVAC systems is being the major component in power
consumption in any commercial building.
Hence it is essential to optimise the HVAC system and
design energy efficient chiller plant.
Energy Efficient Chiller Plant
Water cold chiller are the most efficient chiller that
can be considered. Among various type of water
cooled chillers, water cooled centifugal chiller shall be
ideal option considering their COP of 6.3 at ARI
conditions.
However due to scarcity of water, required for cooling
tower make up, the use of water cooled chillers are
limited.
Energy Efficient Chiller Plant
Hence the mix of air cooled and water cooled type
chiller, hybrid chiller plant forms an ideal
configuration balancing the water availability and
system efficiency.
Further the variation in building load profile brings in
use of alternate technology in HVAC system called
“Thermal Energy Storage” system
What is TES ?
Thermal Storage is a technology to reduce daytime
electric peak demands in commercial space cooling.
The basic approach is to reduce loading of chillers
during on-peak period, there-by shifting electric
demand by chiller operation to non-peak hours.
How does the load shift ?
Cooling Energy is stored in TES tanks at night using a
medium such as Ice and is discharged the next day
during peak hours.
Benefits of TES System
Saving in operating cost by improved HVAC system
efficiency, due to operation of chillers in non-peak
night hours.
Saving in operating cost due to differential tariff in
electricity charges during non-peak hours. Cooling
Energy is stored in TES tanks at night using a medium
such as Ice and is discharged the next day during peak
hours.
Reduces Electricity Demand Charges
Fundamentals of TES System
The common TES media are :
Water and Ice
Other TES media in use are :
Eutectic Salt
Phase Change Materials
Why Ice Storage System ?
Compared to water storage systems, Ice storage
systems have greater cooling storage density since it
takes advantage of the phase change of water to ice.
Need for Thermal Storage
2000
1800
Peak Load
1600
1500 kW
1400
k 1200 Cooling
1000
Pumps Avg.
W 800 Fans Load
600
400 Lighting 800 kW
200 Base Load
0
Total kWh = 19,200/day (Load Factor = 53%) 12
Off Peak Cooling (OPC) Electrical
Profile
2000
1800 40% Peak Load Reduction
1600
1400 600 kW Shed Peak Load
k 1200
900kW
1000 Avg.
Pumps
W 800 Fans Load
600 Lighting
Ice
800kW
Ice Making Making
400
200 Base Load
0
Total kWh = 19,200/day (Load Factor = 88%) 13
Types of Ice Storage System ?
Ice Balls
Static Ice ( Ice-on-coil)
Ice on Steel coil
Ice lens
Eutectic Salt
Commonly used are Ice Balls & Ice-on-Coil systems
Operating Methods of TES
Full Storage
Partial Storage
Demand limited storage
Operating Methods of TES
Full Storage
Full storage systems are designed to allow the storage
to meet all the on-peak period cooling, keeping chiller
OFF.
Full Storage
100
90 Ice Cooling
80 Chiller Cooling
Ice Making
70
60
Tons 50
40
30
20
10
0
12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time
Operating Methods of TES
Partial Storage
Partial storage systems have both smaller chillers and
smaller storage than full-storage systems and therefore
have lower first costs.
To meet the on-peak period cooling both the chiller as
well as the energy from storage tanks are used. and
The chiller runs continuously to both charge the
storage at night and help meet cooling loads during
peak periods.
Partial Storage
100
90 Ice Cooling
80 Chiller Cooling
Ice Making
70
60
Tons 50
40
30
20
10
0
12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time
Operating Methods of TES
Demand Limited Storage
This system is a type of partial storage, chillers may
run at any time except when the whole-building
electric demand reaches a set maximum demand limit.
ARI’s Guideline T for
Thermal Energy Storage
SPECIFYING THE
THERMAL
PERFORMANCE OF COOL
STORAGE EQUIPMENT
ARI GUIDELINES T
Unlike most air conditioning and refrigerant
equipment, Thermal Storage devices have no
sustained, steady state operating point which can
be used to characterize the product performance.
The usable capacity of a particular Thermal Storage
Device may vary appreciably with the application.
For Example, very high loads discharged over a
short period, and/or relatively low discharge
temperatures may reduce the usable capacity to a
fraction of the nominal value.
Storage Devices Perform differently under different conditions.
Nominal Capacity of TES = 1000 Ton - Hr
100 tons for 10 hours (60F Inlet, 45F Outlet)
= 1,000 ton-hrs.
Actual Capacity changes on reduction in Inlet Outlet
Temperatures
100 tons for 8 hours (50F Inlet, 38F Outlet)
= 800 ton-hrs.
Actual Capacity changes with changing loads on TES
125tons for 4 hours (50 F Inlet, 38F Outlet)
= 500 ton-hrs.
ARI GUIDELINES T
This Guideline sets forth the minimum
performance information that designers
should include in their specifications and
manufacturers should provide in their
proposals for TES.
Performance information that designers should include
in their specifications
Time Load(TR) Base Load Balance Load satisfied by Load on
Chiller(TR) Load(TR) brine chiller(TR) TES
1 300 300
2 300 300
3 300 300
4 300 300
5 300 300
6 300 300
7 300 300
8 375 300 75 75
9 450 300 150 150
10 550 300 250 150 100
11 525 300 225 150 75
12 450
TES
300 150 150 0
13 475
CAPACITY
300 175 150 25
14 500 =
300 200 150 50
15 550 300 250 150 100
575 TRH
16 600 300 300 150 150
17 525 300 225 150 75
18 450 300 150 150
19 375 300 75 75
20 300 300
21 300 300
22 300 300
23 300 300
24 300 300
System Configuration
From the sample Hourly Load Analysis,
Total Tonnage Hours of Building : 9425 TRH
Base Chiller output : 7200 TRH
Brine Chiller output : 1650 TRH
Discharge from TES : 575 TRH
Operation of system at 16.00 Hrs (peak load)
The Peak Building Load : 600 TR
Base Chiller capacity : 300 TR
Brine Chiller capacity @ normal mode : 150 TR
Discharge from storage : 150 TR
System Configuration
Base Load chiller : 300 TR
Brine Chiller : 150 TR (in Normal Mode)
: 96 TR (in Charging Mode)
TES Capacity : 625 TRH
PHE Capacity : 300 TR
40 ton
Chiller
Coil & Glycol
47 54F
100 ton
Ice Load
34- 40
40F
Temperature
Control Valve
BASIC DIAGRAM
CONTROLLER
DP SENSOR
ICE
BANK
CHILLER
CHILLER
EXCHANGER
300TR
300TR
HEAT
P1
CHILLER
150 TR
SERIES ARRANGEMENT
BRINE CIRCUIT
ICE
BANK
EXCHANGER
HEAT
P1
CHILLER
150 TR
WATER
CIRCUIT
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT
HEAT EXCHANGER
CHILLER
TES
WATER
BRINE CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
SERIES ARRANGEMENT - LOADING
40 F
44F 600GPM
47 F ICE
BANK
EXCHANGER
BRINE CIRCUIT
HEAT
P1 54 F 56 F
CHILLER
150 TR
546.4GPM WATER
CIRCUIT
100% LOAD= 300TR
= CHILLER= 150 TR
+ ICE BANK= 150 TR
SERIES ARRANGEMENT - LOADING
40 F
44F 600GPM
43.5 F ICE
BANK
EXCHANGER
HEAT
BRINE CIRCUIT
P1 50.5 F 53 F
CHILLER
150 TR
546.4GPM WATER
CIRCUIT
75% LOAD= 225TR
= CHILLER= 150 TR
+ ICE BANK= 75 TR
SERIES ARRANGEMENT - LOADING
40 F
44F 600GPM
40 F ICE
BANK
EXCHANGER
BRINE CIRCUIT
HEAT
P1 43.5 F 47 F
CHILLER
75 TR
546.4GPM WATER
CIRCUIT
25% LOAD= 75 TR
= CHILLER= 75 TR
+ ICE BANK= 0 TR
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT - LOADING
42 F 44 F
600GPM
150TR
150TR
HEAT EXCHANGER
318.75 GPM
318.75 GPM
CHILLER
TES
WATER
CIRCUIT
54 F 56 F
100% LOAD= 300 TR
= CHILLER= 150 TR
+ ICE BANK= 150 TR
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT - LOADING EXPECTED- PARTIAL
LOAD
42 F 44 F
600GPM
150TR
75TR
HEAT EXCHANGER
318.75 GPM
CHILLER
159.3 GPM
TES
WATER
CIRCUIT
54 F 53 F
75% LOAD= 225 TR
= CHILLER= 150 TR
+ ICE BANK= 75 TR
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT - LOADING ACTUAL- PARTIAL
LOAD
42 F 44 F
600GPM
112.5TR
112.5TR
HEAT EXCHANGER
318.75 GPM
318.75 GPM
CHILLER
TES
WATER
CIRCUIT
54
51 FF 53 F
75% LOAD= 225 TR
= CHILLER= 112.5 TR
+ ICE BANK= 112.5 TR
SERIES ARRANGEMENT – CONTROLS DURING
COOLING
V1 40 F V2
44 F
ICE
EXCHANGER
BANK
HEAT
BRINE CIRCUIT
P1 WATER
40 F CHILLER
CIRCUIT
150 TR
SET CHILLER OUTLET TEMPERATURE
SET VALVE-V1 OUTLET TEMPERATURE
SET VALVE-V2 AS PER DESIRED HX OUTLET TEMPERATURE
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT – CONTROLS
HEAT EXCHANGER
CHILLER
TES
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT – CONTROLS
75% LOAD = 450 TR
42 F 44 F 44F CONTROLLER
600GPM
600GPM
112.5TR
112.5TR
44F
HEAT EXCHANGER
DP SENSOR
318.75 GPM
318.75 GPM
CHILLER
TES
CHILLER
CHILLER
225TR
225TR
53F 53F
51 F 53 F
LOAD=450TR = BASELOAD CHILLER= 225 TR + BRINE CHILLER=112.5TR
ICEBANK=112.5TR
