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Overview of Metabolism-1

This document provides an overview of key concepts in metabolism. It defines catabolism as the breakdown of molecules to release energy, and anabolism as using energy to build molecules. Metabolic pathways can be linear, cyclic, or spiral. Energy is produced and stored in cells primarily as ATP. Regulation of metabolic pathways occurs through allosteric and covalent modification or product inhibition. The document outlines prerequisite knowledge in biochemistry and lists learning objectives around metabolic pathways and energy production and utilization in the human body.

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155 views17 pages

Overview of Metabolism-1

This document provides an overview of key concepts in metabolism. It defines catabolism as the breakdown of molecules to release energy, and anabolism as using energy to build molecules. Metabolic pathways can be linear, cyclic, or spiral. Energy is produced and stored in cells primarily as ATP. Regulation of metabolic pathways occurs through allosteric and covalent modification or product inhibition. The document outlines prerequisite knowledge in biochemistry and lists learning objectives around metabolic pathways and energy production and utilization in the human body.

Uploaded by

gospel munkondya
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OVERVIEW OF METABOLISM

By the end of this session you should:

• Define catabolism and anabolism.


• List type of metabolic pathways.
• Explain production, utilization and forms of chemical energy.
• List the sources of energy in the human body.
• Explain the interrelationships of metabolic pathways.
• Describe importance and types of regulation of metabolic
pathways.
• Explain the role of integration of knowledge acquired from the
various disciplines e.g. anatomy, physiology in the field of
medicine.
What is Biochemisty?
BIOCHEMISTRY is the study of Chemical
reactions in living organisms.
In the medical school we offer medical
biochemistry to students who have knowledge
of the following:
organic chemistry
physical chemistry
Cell Biology.
Pre- requisite topics that you are expected to have covered

• Cell structure and function( prokaryocytes and


Eukaryocytes)
• Chemistry, of water and its fundamental role in
biochemistry
• Structure and classification of Amino acids & Proteins,
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleotides & nucleic acids.
• Protein conformation and function: globular proteins-
enzyme catalysis and kinetics.
• Structure and properties of biological membranes.
Enzyme Catalysis
• There are 2 fundamental conditions for life:
– to self replication and
– to catalyse chemical reactions efficiently and
selectively.

There is need to revise enzymes. Most enzymes are


proteins( there is small group of RNA that catalyse
reactions).
Coenzymes and cofactors.
Enzyme Classification
• Oxidoreductases
• Transferases
• Hydrolyases
• Lyases
• Isomerases
• Ligases
Each enzyme has an Enzyme Commission(EC)
name and number and a trivial name.
Metabolism
Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur in a living
organism .
There are two components: Anabolism and Catabolism.

The chemical reactions are enzyme catalyzed occur in the cell and are
part of a metabolic pathway.

There are many many metabolic pathways that take place in the cell.
The metabolic reactions are inter-related.

And because of this, regulation of cellular metabolism is paramount or


else there could be chaos which could lead to death of the cells.
CATABOLISM
Catabolic reactions result in the breakdown of large molecules
to smaller molecules with production of energy.

And often require the use of oxygen and production of


carbon dioxide and water

The energy produced is used to perform cellular functions


that are necessary to maintain life such as:

Nerve impulse,
Muscle contraction,
Thermogenesis, reproduction. ETC.
CATABOLISM-contn.
• Catabolic reactions become very active when
there is less energy in the body or during
stress. Flight or Fight phenomenon.
• Energy is produced from carbohydrate and
fats and proteins:- Primary source-
Carbohydrates- provide 45-55% of energy
requirements per day. Secondary source- Fats
–provide 25-35%. Proteins provide 15-20%.
Anabolism
• Anabolism is where complex molecules are
synthesized from simple compounds and utilize energy.

• Anabolic reactions are normally activated when


precursor molecules are abundant.

• For example, glycogen synthesis from glucose takes


place after a meal . There is plenty of glucose in the
blood system – during time of plenty called the Fed
state.
ATP

ENERGY
PRODUCTION
ENERGY UTILIZATION
Carbohydrates, Biosynthesis of macro
lipids & proteins molecules, Muscle
Catabolism contraction, active ion
transport, thermogenesis

ADP+ Pi

Relationship between energy production and utilization


Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolic reactions are convergent.
Many different macromolecules are broken
down to Carbon dioxide and water to produce
energy.

Anabolic reactions are divergent


Same type of simple molecules are used to
produce a diverse of macromolecules.
CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN FAT

SIMPLE SUGARS FATTY ACIDS


(MAINLY AMINO + GLYCEROL
GLUCOSE) ACIDS

ACETYL-CoA

CITRIC
ACIDS 2H ATP
CYCLE

2CO2
Choice of Utilization of Energy Source

• It based on several factors:


1. Type of tissue( look at structure and
function)
Examples: Mature RBC and Skeletal muscle

2. dietary state(fed state or fasting state)


Types of metabolic pathways
• Linear:- straight chain
• Cyclic:- there is regeneration of the starting
metabolite of the pathy way.
• Spiral:- same set of enzymes are used
repeatedly for chain degradation or
elongation.
Types of Enzyme Regulation
• Allosteric
• Product inhibition and end product inhibition
• Covalent modification
Forms of metabolic energy
• ATP- the cellular energy
currency
NITROGEN BASE.
Adenine – ATP cellular energy currency
Guanine- GTP other form of energy(gluconeogenesis)
Uracil- UTP other form of energy(glycogen metabolism)
Cytosine- CTP other form of energy(Lipid synthesis)

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