C++ Programming
Data Structure
Objectives
By the end of this courseware, the student is expected to:
1. Discover what arrays are and how to declare them
2. Analyze strings and how to use character arrays to make
them
3. Apply arrays in programs
4. Use Pointers
5. Organize Simple variables into more complex entities
using Structure.
Data Structure
Data Structure is a specialized format to store and
organize data in a computer’s memory.
Array
Array is a collection of data elements of the same type
that are referenced by a common name.
• One-dimensional Array
Syntax: type var_name[size];
Example:
int x[20];
char letter[26];
double price[10];
Array
• Two-dimensional Array
Syntax: type var_name[rowsize]
[colsize];
Example:
int x[3][4];
double amount [10][50];
• Multi-dimensional Array
Syntax: type var_name[size1][size2]…[sizen];
Example: int m[3][5][4];
Array Initialization
An array may be initialized at the time of its declaration
Syntax: type var_name[size1]…[sizeN]={ value list } ;
Examples:
int id[7]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
float f[] = {1.2. 14.3, 52.54 };
char vowel[5]={‘a’, ‘e’,’I’,’o’,’u’]};
char name=“rac”;
char vowel[6] = “aeiou”;
Pointer
• Pointer is a variable that contains the memory
address (or location) of another variable.
• It is an efficient way of accessing data since it
contains the actual location of your data where in the
compiler can find that data in memory easily.
Pointer
Pointer
• Pointer Variable are variables that can hold pointers to other
variables
Syntax : Type name *var_name1, * var_name2, …
Example:
char *p1, *p2;
int *p3;
double *p4, *p5;
Pointer
& Operator
• It is simply called the address operator.
• & operator is a unary operator that returns the
memory address of its operand.
• It produces a pointer that points to the variable
Example: p = &v
Pointer
* Operator
• It is called “dereferencing operator”
• * operator is a unary operator that returns the
value of the variable located at the address that
follows.
• It produces the variable it points to
Example: q = *m
Pointer
The asterisk (*) appears before a pointer variable in two
places:
• When declaring a pointer variable
• When dereferencing a pointer variable (to find data it
points to
Pointer Assignments
A pointer may be used on the right hand
side assignment statement to another pointer.
Pointer Assignments
int main(){
int num=5; *p1, *p2;
//declares an integer variable and 2
pointers
cout<<“Num : “<<num<<endl;
cout<<“Address of num : “<<&num<<endl;
cout<<“P1 : “<<p1<<endl;
p1=#
//assigns the address of num to p1;
p2=p1;
//assigns the value of p1 to p2;
cout<<p1<<endl;
cout<<p2<<endl;
return 0;
}
Pointer Arithmetic
Pointers can be incremented or decremented
by an integer
Example:
long *q;
q = q +1;
// value of q increased by 4
Pointer Comparison
• When two or more pointers are pointing to a
common object, it is valid to compare their address
values just like comparing two expressions.
• It is illegal to compare pointers pointing to objects
of different data types
Passing Arguments by Reference
int main(){
void max_min(int a, int b, int &max, int &min );
//function protrype
Int x,y,min, max;
cout<<“Enter 2 number : “;
cin>>x>>y;
max_min(x,y,max,min);
cout<<“MAX = “<<max<<endl;
cout<<“MIN = “<<min<<endl;
return 0;
}
Passing Arguments by Reference
void max_min(int a, int b, int &max, int &min){
if( a>b){
max=a;
min=b;
}else{
max=b;
min=b;
}
}
Pointers to Character Arrays
Many string operations are usually performed by using
pointers because strings tend to be accessed in a strictly
fashion.
Pointers to Character Arrays
strcmp(char *s1, char*s2){
while(*s1){
if (*s1-*s2)
return (*s1 - *s2)
else {
s1++;
s2++;
}
}
return 0;
}
Array of Pointers
Pointers may be arrayed like any other data type.
Examples:
• The declaration for an int pointer array of size 20
int *arrayPtr[20]
• To assign the address of an integer variable var to the
3rd element of the array
*arrayPtr[2] = &var;
Arrays of Pointer
• To find the value stored in var
cout<<*arrayPtr[2];
• To pass an array of pointers to a function, simply
call the function with the array name without index.
Ex: Pass the array arrayPtr to function viewArray
viewArray(arrayPtr);
Arrays of Pointer
• To receive the address of array x in function fn
fn(float *x) //Pointer
fn(float x[5]) //Sized Array
fn(float x[]) //Unsized Array
Arrays of Pointer
The address of x is passed to the parameter ptr:
main(){
floatx[5];
void fn (float *);
fn(x);
return 0;
}
void fn() {
…
}
Structure
struct student{
struct student{
char id[5];
char id[5];
char name[25];
char name[25];
int age;
int age;
};
}stud1, stud2;
struct student stud1, stud21;
struct {
char id[5];
char name[25];
int age;
}stud1, stud2;
Referencing Structure Elements
A Structure element can be accessed and assigned a value
by using the:
• Structure variable name
• Dot operator
• Element’s name
Example : [Link]=“Racquel”
Array of Structures
Structure of the same type can be grouped together
into an array.
struct student{
struct student{
char id[5];
char id[5];
char
char
name[25];
name[25];
int age;
int age;
};
} stud[40];
Sturct stud[50]
Passing Structure to Functions
As in the case of arrays, individual structure elements or
an even entire structure can be passed to functions as
arguments
Examples:
Modify(stud[6].name);
// pass structure element to function modify
Modify(stud[6] name);
// pass entire structure to function modify
Structure within Structure
struct student{
char id[5];
char name[25];
int age;
}stud1, stud2;
struct detail {
struct student stud;
char course[10];
Int level;
} stud_detail1;
Student id = stud_detail1.[Link];
Structure within Structure
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
using namespace td;
struct book{
char title[40];
char author[25];
double cost;
};
Structure within Structure
int main(){
struct book bk;
cout<<“ENTER TITLE : “
gets([Link]);
cout<<“ENTER AUTHOR : “
gets([Link]);
cout<<“ENTER COST : “
cin>>[Link];
printf("%s by %s : P %.2f " ,
[Link], [Link], [Link]);
cout<<endl;
return 0;
}
