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EEEB253 Chap5 v02

This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 5 of a textbook on electromagnetic fields and waves. The chapter discusses [1] how electric fields behave in materials like conductors and dielectrics compared to free space, [2] the properties of conductors and dielectrics, and [3] boundary conditions for electric fields at interfaces between different materials. Conductors allow electric fields and current to flow through freely moving charges, while dielectrics become polarized when an electric field is applied. The boundary conditions require the tangential and normal components of electric fields to be continuous across material interfaces.

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58 views

EEEB253 Chap5 v02

This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 5 of a textbook on electromagnetic fields and waves. The chapter discusses [1] how electric fields behave in materials like conductors and dielectrics compared to free space, [2] the properties of conductors and dielectrics, and [3] boundary conditions for electric fields at interfaces between different materials. Conductors allow electric fields and current to flow through freely moving charges, while dielectrics become polarized when an electric field is applied. The boundary conditions require the tangential and normal components of electric fields to be continuous across material interfaces.

Uploaded by

zawir gulam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic

fields & waves


EEEB 253
Chapter 5

Semester I 2013/14
27th May – 6th Sept. 2013
College of Engineering
Chapter 5: Electric fields in
materials 2

• Previous chapter – consider electric field in free space


• Electric field in other mediums / materials – most of the equations are similar as in
last chapter with little modification
• Materials classified based on electrical properties – conductor and non-conductor
(insulator or dielectric)

1. Properties of materials
2. Conductors
3. Dielectrics
4. Continuity equation
5. Boundary conditions
Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
5.1: Properties of material 3

• Materials are categorized based on conductivity in the unit of mhos/m


or Siemens/m (S/m)
• Conductivity is usually dependent on the temperature and frequency
• High conductivity  conductor / metal; low conductivity 
insulator; “in between” semiconductor
• Conductivity increases with decreasing temperature
• Superconductor – extremely high / infinite conductivity at very low
temperature (0-4 Kelvin)  what degree celcius??

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
5.2: Conductors 4

• Conductors – many freely moving charges


• An isolated conductor (top figure); external Efield is
applied+ve charges are pushed along Efield and -ve
charges move in opposite direction (charge migration
happens very quickly)
• 2 things are done by the free charges:-
 They accumulate on the surface of the conductor (induced
surface charges)
 Induced charges set up an internal induced field
• A conductor is an equipotential body – potential is the
same everywhere 

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
5.2: Conductors 5

• According to GL, if E=0, then charge density=0


• Under static condition,
• What happens when the ends / terminals of a conductor are
maintained at a certain potential difference?
• E=0??the conductor is no longer isolated but
wired to a source of electromotive force (battery)
• Disrupt the electrostatic equilibrium by forcing free charges to move
• There is an Efield to have current flows ; Efield, +ve charge,
current have the same direction; electrons flow in opposite direction
• Electrons movement is opposed by a damping force  Resistance

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
5.2: Conductors 6

• To obtain the resistance, assume the conductor has


a cross section area, S; current density,
• Ohm’s law,   ;
• Resistivity of material,
• For conductor with non-uniform cross section,
• Using power and energy equation,
• P.E. 5.3

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
5.3: Dielectrics 7

• Charges in dielectric are bounded but can displace if a sufficiently


large external force is applied
• When an Efield is applied, +ve charge is displaced in the direction of
Efield and –ve charge is displaced in the opposite direction of Efield
• Dipole – separation of +ve and –ve charges; Dipole is created  the
dielectric is said to be polarized
• In a polarized state, the electrons are distorted; Distorted charge
distribution = original distribution + dipole moment ( ), d is the
distance vector from –Q to +Q
• Total dipole moment

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
5.3: Dielectrics 8

• Calculate the field due to a polarized dielectric


• Net effect of the dielectric on the electric field is to increase D by an
amount P. Polarization P will vary with E, usually as
• is the electric susceptibility of material – a measure of how
susceptible a dielectric is to electric fields
• Dielectric constant
• Permittivity of dielectric vs. permittivity of free space
• Dielectric constant / relative permittivity - ratio of to ; may
change at high frequencies > 1 GHz

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
5.3: Dielectrics 9

• Try eg. 5.7; In class: P.E. 5.7

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
5.5: Boundary conditions 10

• We considered Efield only in one medium


• When it involves more than one medium, the conditions that the field
must satisfy at the interface separating the medium is called the
Boundary Conditions
• Consider 3 cases 1) dielectric 1 and dielectric 2; 2) Conductor and
dielectric; 3) Conductor and free space
• Use Maxwell’s equations:-
• Decompose electric field intensity into 2 orthogonal components
• tangential and normal components of E

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
Chapter 5 Conclusion 11

• Properties of material – Conductor vs. dielectric


• Conductor – Efield, current flow, Ohm’s law, energy and power
• Dielectric – field, polarization, relative permittivity
• Current continuity equation based on Ohm’s law and Gauss’s law
• 3 boundary conditions – tangential and normal components of
Efield
• Tutorial questions:- 5.13, 5.25, 5.26, 5.30

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

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