INTERNETWORKING with TCP/IP
Principles, Protocols, And
Architecture
DOUGLAS E.COMER
Motivation for Internetworking
• LAN technologies provide high speed communication
across short distances
• WAN technologies serves large areas
• No single networking technology is best for all needs
• Ex: Ethernet might be the best solution for connecting
computers in an office
• Ex: Frame relay might be the best solution for
interconnecting computers in one city to another
The TCP/IP Internet
• TCP/IP Internet Protocol suite is commonly
called as TCP/IP.
• Used to communicate across any set of
interconnected networks.
What is a protocol?
• Protocol – An agreement about how to do something
– This enables computers and software built by different
people to be able to communicate in the same language
• Examples that we have seen:
– Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – Web Browser
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – File transfer
– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – Email
– Internet Protocol (IP) – Packets across the Internet
• An algorithm is a well-developed, organized
approach to solving a complex problem.
• Communication helps to improve the
productivity in several ways by hiding the low
level details
1. Programmers deal with higher level of protocol
abstractions, no need to learn about the hardware
configuration.
2. Programs need not be changed when a computer or
network are replaced or reconfigured.
3. Application programs are built using higher level
protocols are independent of the underlying
hardware.
Application Level Internet Services
Internet Application Service
• World wide web
1989-1990 – Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide
Web at CERN
Means for transferring text and graphics
simultaneously
Client/Server data transfer protocol
– Communication via application level protocol
– System ran on top of standard networking infrastructure
• File Transfer
File transfer is a generic term for the act of
transmitting files over a computer network or the
Internet.
E-Mail - Electronic Mail
• Send mail electronically via the Internet
• Requires an account on a mail server and
supporting software on your PC
• The username and password will allow you to
access your account
• All e-mail programs allow you to Send,
Compose, Reply, and Forward mail
• Remote Login and Remote Desktop
Allows the user to connect the remote machine
Uses the remote machine as if they are local
Network Level Application Service
• Two broad types of services that all application
programs use
– Connectionless packet delivery service
– Reliable transport service
Connectionless Packet Delivery Service
End-to-end delivery service is connectionless
Extension of LAN abstraction
Universal addressing
• Data delivered in packets (frames), each with a header
• Combines collection of physical networks into single,
virtual network
• Transport protocols use this connectionless service to
provide connectionless data delivery (UDP) and
connection-oriented data delivery (TCP)
Reliable Transport Service
• Allows to establish connection from
application of one computer to another.
• Sends large volume of data if the connection
is permanent.
• Communication protocols divides the data
streams into message streams.
• Transfers the message stream one at time and
waits for the receivers acknowledgement.
Primary features of reliable transport service
• Network Technology Independence
• Independent on any type of hardware platform
• TCP/IP defines the unit of data transmission called
datagrams – specifies how to transmit on a network
• Universal interconnection
• TCP/IP Internet connects pair of computer
• Computer is assigned address
• Datagram carries the addresses of its source and
destination
• Intermediate switching devices use destination address
for decision making.
• End to End Acknowledgements
TCP/IP Internet provides acknowledgement between
original source and ultimate decision.
• Application Protocol standards
Electronic mail
File Transfer
Remote Login
Two Approaches To Network
Communication
• Connection Oriented Network
• Connectionless Networks
Connection Oriented (Circuit Switched)
1.Establish connection through local switching
office, across trunk lines, to remote switching
office and finally to destination.
2.Encodes the samples digitally and transmits
them across the connection to the receiver.
• Connection provides a guaranteed data path of
64 Kbps.
• Advantage
– dedicated path
– guaranteed (fixed) bandwidth
– [almost] constant latency
Connectionless (Packet Switched)
– shared connection
– data is broken into chunks called packets
– each packet contains destination address
– available bandwidth channel capacity
– variable latency
Wide Area And Local Area
Networks
• Packet Switched technologies divided into 2
broad categories
- Wide Area Networks (WANs)
- Local Area Networks (LANs)
Wide Area Networks
• Bridging of any distance
• Usually for covering of a country or a
continent
• Topology normally is irregular due to
orientation to current needs. Therefore not
the shared access to a medium is the core
idea, but the thought “how to achieve the fast
and reliable transmission of as much
• data as possible over a long distance”.
WAN (Cont.d)
• Usually quite complex interconnections of sub
networks which are owned by different
operators
• No broadcast, but point-to-point connections
• Range: several 1000 km
Local Area Network (LAN)
Communications network
– small area (building, set of buildings)
– same, sometimes shared, transmission medium
– high data rate (often): 1 Mbps – 1 Gbps
– Low latency
– devices are peers
• any device can initiate a data Ethernet
transfer with any other device
Most elements on a LAN are workstations
– endpoints on a LAN are called nodes
Connecting
network
nodescomputer
to LANs
?
Connecting
network
nodescomputer
to LANs
Adapter
– expansion slot (PCI, PC Card, USB dongle)
– usually integrated onto main board
Network adapters are referred to as
Network Interface Cards (NICs) or adapters
or Network Interface Component
Media
Wires (or RF, IR) connecting together the devices that make up a LAN
Twisted pair
– Most common:
• STP: shielded twisted pair
• UTP: unshielded twisted pair
(e.g. Telephone cable, Ethernet 10BaseT)
Coaxial cable
– Thin (similar to TV cable)
– Thick (e.g., 10Base5, ThickNet)
Fiber
Wireless
Network Hardware Addresses
• Defines an addressing mechanism that
computers use to specify the destination for a
packet.
• Every computer attached to a network has a
unique address in integer.
• Destination address appears in the same location
of a packet.
• Destination address field contains the address of
the intended recipient
Ethernet Technology
• Invented at Xerox PARC in early 1970s.
• Xerox Corporation, Intel Corporation, and
Digital Equipment Corporation standardized
Ethernet in 1978.
• Most popular LAN technology
• Original wiring using coaxial cable
• Current technology is known as twisted pair
Ethernet
• Chief advantage of using twisted pair wiring
which is known as category 5 cable that
reduces the costs and easier to install than
coxial cable.
• 10Base-T – first twisted pair Ethernet
operated at 10Mbps
