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Lecture 06 - Analog Modulation (Frequency Modulation I)

1) The document discusses different types of analog modulation including amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). It describes the power relationships and components in an AM wave. 2) It then summarizes the three main forms of AM - double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC), single sideband transmitted carrier (SSB-TC), and single sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) - based on what components are suppressed. 3) The document also provides information on frequency modulation, including that the frequency of the modulated signal increases or decreases based on the amplitude of the modulating signal and that it has three frequencies: highest, lowest, and center/rest frequency.

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nabeel hasan
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43 views

Lecture 06 - Analog Modulation (Frequency Modulation I)

1) The document discusses different types of analog modulation including amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). It describes the power relationships and components in an AM wave. 2) It then summarizes the three main forms of AM - double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC), single sideband transmitted carrier (SSB-TC), and single sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) - based on what components are suppressed. 3) The document also provides information on frequency modulation, including that the frequency of the modulated signal increases or decreases based on the amplitude of the modulating signal and that it has three frequencies: highest, lowest, and center/rest frequency.

Uploaded by

nabeel hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMSATS Fall 2016 (Rev. 1.

0)

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)


EEE 351

Lecture # 06
Analog Modulation
(Frequency Modulation I)
COMSATS PCS

Power Relations in AM Wave


• An amplitude modulated wave has • Power radiated by a wave through
three major components antenna is proportional to the
– Original Carrier wave of amplitude A. square of the amplitude
– USF wave of amplitude (mA/2). Power ∝ (Amplitude)2
– LSF wave of amplitude (mA/2).

• Carrier Power, PC
• To calculate the total power content
of an AM wave, the individual power PC ∝ A2 =KA2.
components are calculated and
summed together. • USB Power, PUSB
PUSB ∝ (B/2)2 =KB2/4
• Let
– Pc = Carrier Power.
• LSB Power, PLSB
– PUSB= USB Power.
– PLSB = LSB Power PLSB ∝ (B/2)2 =KB2/4
COMSATS PCS

Power Relations in AM Wave


• Total Sideband Power, PSB • PC = PT [2/(2+ m2)]
PSB = KB2/4 +KB2/4= KB2/2
• Total Sideband Power(PSB) is
• Total Power Radiated from antenna, difference between power
PT transmitted (PT) and power of the
PT = PC + PSB carrier wave (PC)
PT = KA2 + KB2/2
Putting B=mA and simplifying PSB = PT - PC = PC [1+ (m2/2)] - PC
PT = KA2 [1+ (m2/2)] PSB = (m2/2)PC = [m2/(2+m2)]PT
Putting KA2 = PC
• PUSB= PLSB=½ PSB= ½[m2/(2+m2)]PT
PT = PC [1+ (m2/2)]
PT = PC [(2+ m2)/2]
COMSATS PCS

Power Relations in AM Wave


• Considering a case where m=1 or • PSB= (1/2) PC
100% = 50% of Carrier Power

• PT = 1.5PC = 1.5 x Carrier Power • (PUSB /PT)= (PUSB /PT)


= (0.25 PC /1.5 PC)= 1/6
• PC = (2/3)PT
= (2/3) x Total Radiated Power

• PUSB= PLSB=(1/4)PC
= 25% of Carrier Power
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.7
The total power content of an AM wave is 1500W. For 100% modulation ,
determine (i) Power transmitted by carrier and (ii) Power Transmitted by
each sideband.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.8
The total power content of an AM wave is 2.64kW at the percent
modulation of 80%. Determine the power content of (i) Carrier and (ii) Each
Sideband.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.9
A transmitter used for radio telephone has an unmodulated carrier power of 10 kW and
can be modulated to a maximum of 80% by a single frequency signal before
overloading. Find the value to which carrier power can be increased if the 50%
modulation limit is imposed.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.10
A certain transmitter radiated 10kW of power with the carrier unmodulated and 11.8
kW with the carrier modulated by sinusoid. Find (i) Percent modulation and (ii) If
another wave modulated to 40 % is also transmitted , calculate the radiated power.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Forms of Amplitude Modulation


• Standard AM wave contains a carrier • Depending upon the component
and two side bands and is generally suppresses or removed, there are
referred to as Double Side Band- Full three forms of Amplitude
Carrier (DSB-FC). modulation(AM).

• In DSB-FC, carrier conveys no


information while the two side bands
• These forms include
are exact replicas of each other and – Double Sideband- Suppressed
hence carry the same information. Carrier, (DSB-SC)
– Single Sideband-Transmitted
• Carrier, (SSB-TC)
On the basis of above mentioned
reasons, it is possible to suppress the – Single Sideband- Suppressed
carrier or one side band or both the Carrier, SSB-SC
carrier and a sideband without any
loss of information.
COMSATS PCS

Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (DSB-


SC)
• In this system, the carrier is suppressed and sidebands are transmitted
only. For 100% modulation (m=1), carrier signal contains 2/3 of the total
transmitted power.

• With m=1, suppression of the carrier saves 2/3 of the total transmitted
power(Approximately 66.67% of PT).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Single Sideband-Transmitted Carrier (SSB-TC)


• In this case, one sideband is suppressed and carrier along with the other
sideband is transmitted. For 100% modulation (m=1), the total power
content of one sideband is equal to 1/6 of the total transmitted power.

• With m=1, suppression of only one sideband saves 1/6 of the total
transmitted power(Approximately 16.67% of PT).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Single Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)


• In this case, carrier along with one side band is suppressed and only one
sideband is transmitted. For 100% modulation(m=1), the total power content
of carrier and one sideband is equal to 5/6 of the total transmitted power.

• With m=1, suppression of carrier and one sideband saves 5/6 of the total
transmitted power (Approximately 83.34% of P T).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Advantages of SSB-SC
• Power Conservation (Approximately 83.34%).
• Bandwidth Conservation (Approximately 50%).
• Lesser Power Supply Requirement (Battery size is reduced as a result).
• Less Noise (Smaller Bandwidth causes lesser accumulation of noise).
• But DSB-SC is most frequently used, Why?
• Find out the applications of different forms of Amplitude Modulation.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The type of modulation in which • Maximum Frequency @ Max. +ve
the ‘frequency of the carrier wave’ Amplitude of Modulating Signal.
is changed according to the • Minimum Frequency @ Max -ve
modulating signal is known as Amplitude of Modulating Signal.
‘Frequency Modulation’.

• The information is carried in the


changing frequency of the
modulated signal.

• Frequency of the modulated


signal increases as the amplitude
of the modulating signal increases
and vice versa.
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The modulated signal has three
frequencies, namely
– Highest Frequency (H): Maximum
Frequency of the Modulated Signal

– Lowest Frequency (L): Minimum


frequency of the Modulated Signal

– Center or Resting Frequency (fo): Normal


Frequency of the Modulated Signal
which is equal to the carrier frequency.

• What is the amplitude of the


modulating signal at resting
frequency?

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The amount of change in the • For FM broadcasts, the maximum
frequency of the modulated signal allowed frequency deviation on
depends upon the amplitude of the each side of center frequency is
modulating signal. standardized at 75kHz for
maximum loudness. For TV
• A modulating signal with greater broadcast it is 25 kHz.
amplitude causes a greater change
in frequency and vice versa.

• Keeping the frequency of the


modulating signal constant, a
louder signal causes a greater
change in the frequency.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The rate at which the frequency shift
takes place is dependent upon the
frequency of the modulating signal.

• For a modulating signal of frequency


1 kHz, the frequency of the
modulated signal varies 1000 times
between its maximum and minimum
values.

• If the frequency of the modulating


signal is 2 kHz, then the frequency
shift will be twice as fast as
compared to 1 kHz.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

References
[1] B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical
Engineering, Volume IV.

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