Satellite Communication

Overview

Dr Ghada Farouk
MSA University
 Course Contents
 Introduction to Space systems
 Orbits and missions
 Space segment and its subsystems
 Ground segments
 Antennas and polarizations
 Space losses and Noise
 Link budget calculation
 Text book
 1-Title: Satellite Communications, Dnnis
Roddy, Pearson, 3rd edition, 2007.
 Course Evaluation
Assignments    10%
Quiz    10%
Research report 10%
Research presentation    5%
Participation and portfolio 5%
MidTerm 20%
Final  40%
Total 100%
 Research Topics
No. Topic
1 World Space committees and organizations

USA
India
Israel
China
Japan
Ukraine
Russia
Egypt
France
 Research Topics
2 Satellite TV
3 Satellite antennas
4 Earth station antenna
5 Satellite mobile
6 Satellite optical communications
7 Satellite security
8 Mission Analysis
9 Satellite multiple accessing
10 Type of coding techniques
11 Satellite network
12 Modulation types
13 Remote sensing satellite
14 Satellite jamming
15 GPS
 Research Topics

16 VSAT
17 Radar application on satellite systems
18 Launchers Types and prices
19 Satellite Store and forward E-mail system

20 Satellite internet
21 Scientific satellite missions
22 How satellite design, implementation, and
test phases are documented?
SATELLITES IN GENERAL
 What Keeps Objects in
Orbit?
 The first of Newton's laws, which was a logical extension
of earlier work by Johannes Kepler, proposed that every
bit of matter in the universe attracts every other bit of
matter with a force which is proportional to the product of
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the two bits. That is, larger masses attract
more strongly and the attraction gets weaker as the bodies
are moved farther apart.
 Fc = Fg
 mac = GMm/r2
 ac = GM/r2
The Earth Orbits the Sun With
Angular Velocity
The Earth No Longer Orbits the
Sun if Gravity is Switched Off
Can We Imitate Nature?
(Artificial Satellites)
Launching an Artificial
Satellite
The artificial satellite remained a
dream.
 such a velocity was unthinkable.
 Germans during the second World War
started weapons research that results the
technology (rocket engines, guidance
systems, etc.) .
 Finally, the dream became true
 In 1957, the first artificial satellite, called
Sputnik, was launched by the Soviets.
 It is Consisting of little more than a
spherical case with a radio transmitter.
 Americans were fascinated listening to the
"beep. beep, beep" of Sputnik appear and
then fade out as it came overhead every 90
minutes.
Why Satellites for
Communications
 Radio Signals Reflect Off the
Ionosphere; TV Signals Do Not
 Satellite Communication
Examples
 Low Earth-Orbiting Communications Satellites
 In 1960, the simplest communications
satellite ever conceived was launched.
 It was called Echo, because it consisted
only of a large (100 feet in diameter)
aluminized plastic balloon.
 Radio and TV signals transmitted to the
satellite would be reflected back to earth
and could be received by any station within
view of the satellite.
 Unfortunately, in its low earth orbit, the
Echo satellite circled the earth every ninety
minutes.
 This meant that although virtually
everybody on earth would eventually see it,
no one person, ever saw it for more than 10
minutes or so out of every 90 minute orbit.
 In 1958, the Score satellite had been put
into orbit.
 It carried a tape recorder which would
record messages as it passed over an
originating station and then rebroadcast
them as it passed over the destination.
 Once more, however, it appeared only
briefly every 90 minutes.
In 1962, NASA launched the Telstar
satellite for AT&T (American
Telephone and telegraph)
 Telstar'sorbit was such that it could
"see" Europe" and the US simultaneously
during one part of its orbit.
 During another part of its orbit it could
see both Japan and the U.S.
 As a result, it provided real- time
communications between the United
States and those two areas - for a few
minutes out of every hour.
 The solution to the problem of
availability, of course, lies in the
use of the geosynchronous orbit
 In 1963, the necessary rocket booster power was
available for the first time and the first
geosynchronous satellite , Syncom 2, was
launched by NASA.
 For those who could "see" it, the satellite was
available 100% of the time, 24 hours a day.
 The satellite could view approximately 42% of the
earth.
 For those outside of that viewing area, of course,
the satellite was NEVER available.
 Geosynchronous
Communications Satellites
Advantages and Disadvantages
 However, a system of three such satellites, with the ability
to relay messages from one to the other could interconnect
virtually all of the earth except the polar regions.
 The one disadvantage (for some purposes) of the
geosynchronous orbit is that the time to transmit a signal
from earth to the satellite and back is approximately ¼ of a
second - the time required to travel 22,000 miles up and
22,000 miles back down at the speed of light.
 For telephone conversations, this delay can sometimes be
annoying. For data transmission and most other uses it is
not significant.
Frequency Band Designations
Frequency range, GHz Band designation
0.1–0.3 VHF
0.3–1.0 UHF
1.0–2.0 L
2.0–4.0 S
4.0–8.0 C
8.0–12.0 X
12.0–18.0 Ku
18.0–27.0 K
27.0–40.0 Ka
40.0–75 V
75–110 W
110–300 mm
300 – 3000 m
A satellite communication system
can take on several different
forms

I. Ground -Ground;
II. Ground -Cross Link -Ground;
III. Ground -User relay.
Ground -Ground
 System I
 Shows an uplink from a ground based earth station to
satellite, and a downlink from satellite back to ground .
 The satellite collects the electromagnetic field and
retransmits (or relays) the modulated carrier as a
downlink to specified earth stations .
 It is called "Relay Satellite" or "Repeater Satellite"
since the satellite transmits the downlink by
responding to the uplink , it is also called
"Transponder" .
 If the satellite electronically operates on the received
uplink, it is called " Processing satellite" .
Ground -Cross Link -Ground
 System II
 Shows a satellite cross link between two
satellites prior to downlink transmission to
allow communication between earth
stations not visible to the same satellite .
Ground -User relay
 System III
 Shows a satellite relay system involving earth
stations near earth users (aircrafts , ships, etc.),
and satellites .
 Since an orbiting satellite will have larger near –
earth visibility than the transmitting earth station,
a relay satellite allows communication to a wider
range of users .
 The link from earth Station to relay to user is
called the "Forward link" , while the link from
user to satellite to Earth is called the "return link".
 Satellite Uses
a) Navigation and position location;
b) Terrain and weather observation;
c) Data networking;
d) Deep -space exploration.
e) Remote sensing.
Navigation and position
location
Terrain and weather observation;
Data Networking
Deep -Space Exploration
 Assignment
 Read Chapter 1
 Solve 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14,
Thank you