Telecomunication

Cable,Rating and
Installation
Introduction
• “Tele” is derived from the Greek meaning for “at a distance”it
describes the long distance of transmit information without
any changes of the content
• All telecommunications systems consist sender, channel and
receiver.
• Another term for telecommunications is telecom.
• The data are transmitted in the form
of carrier waves, which are analog
or digital signals for transferring the
information.
Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one
network device to another. There are several types of cable which are
commonly used with LANs. In some cases, a network will utilize only one
type of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable types. The type of
cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol,
and size. Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and
how they relate to other aspects of a network is necessary for the
development of a successful network.
1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
3. Coaxial Cable
4. Fiber Optic Cable
5. Cable Installation Guides
6. Wireless LANs
7. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
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UTP
• Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded.
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best
option for school networks (See fig. 1).

• The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-
speed cable. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is
twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate
interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices. The tighter the
twisting, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost
per foot. The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication
Industry Association) has established standards of UTP and rated six
categories of wire (additional categories are emerging).
• 100 m radius
UTP-or USE as LAN
Category (CAT) Speed Use
Voice Only (Telephone
1 1 Mbps
Wire)
2 4 Mbps LocalTalk & Telephone
(Rarely used)
3 16 Mbps 10BaseT Ethernet
4 20 Mbps Token Ring (Rarely used)
100 Mbps (2 pair) 100BaseT Ethernet
5
1000 Mbps (4 pair) Gigabit Ethernet
5e 1,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
6 10,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
Fiber optic –Telco provider
• Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective
materials (See fig. 5). It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the
problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain
a large amount of electrical interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting
networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting.
• Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial
and twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. This
capacity broadens communication possibilities to include services such as video
conferencing and interactive services. The cost of fiber optic cabling is comparable to
copper cabling; however, it is more difficult to install and modify. 10BaseF refers to the
specifications for fiber optic cable carrying Ethernet signals.
• The center core of fiber cables is made from glass or plastic fibers (see fig 5). A plastic
coating then cushions the fiber center, and kevlar fibers help to strengthen the cables and
prevent breakage. The outer insulating jacket made of teflon or PVC.
• There are two common types of fiber cables -- single mode and multimode. Multimode
cable has a larger diameter; however, both cables provide high bandwidth at high speeds.
Single mode can provide more distance, but it is more expensive.
• More than 100m radius up to 100000 km radius
Fiber optic
• An optical fiber cable consists of a center glass core
surrounded by several layers of protective material. The
outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC to
prevent interference. Optical fiber deployment is more
expensive than copper but offers higher bandwidth and
can cover longer distances.[2]
• There are two major types of optical fiber cables: short-
range multi-mode fiber and long-range single-mode fiber.
Fiber Optic Specs
Specification Cable Type
10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
10Base2 Thin Coaxial
10Base5 Thick Coaxial
100BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
100BaseFX Fiber Optic
100BaseBX Single mode Fiber
100BaseSX Multimode Fiber
1000BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
1000BaseFX Fiber Optic
1000BaseBX Single mode Fiber
1000BaseSX Multimode Fiber
LAN-WIFI
• More and more networks are operating without cables, in the wireless mode. Wireless LANs use
high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate between the
workstations, servers, or hubs. Each workstation and file server on a wireless network has some sort
of transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data. Information is relayed between transceivers as if
they were physically connected. For longer distance, wireless communications can also take place
through cellular telephone technology, microwave transmission, or by satellite.
• Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop computers, portable devices, or remote computers to
connect to the LAN. Wireless networks are also beneficial in older buildings where it may be
difficult or impossible to install cables.
• The two most common types of infrared communications used in schools are line-of-sight and
scattered broadcast. Line-of-sight communication means that there must be an unblocked direct line
between the workstation and the transceiver. If a person walks within the line-of-sight while there is
a transmission, the information would need to be sent again. This kind of obstruction can slow down
the wireless network. Scattered infrared communication is a broadcast of infrared transmissions sent
out in multiple directions that bounces off walls and ceilings until it eventually hits the receiver.
Networking communications with laser are virtually the same as line-of-sight infrared networks.
• Wireless standards and speeds
• The Wi-Fi Alliance is a global, non-profit organization that helps to ensure standards and
interoperability for wireless networks, and wireless networks are often referred to as WiFi (Wireless
Fidelity). The original Wi-Fi standard (IEEE 802.11) was adopted in 1997. Since then many
variations have emerged (and will continue to emerge). Wi-Fi networks use the Ethernet protocol.
Wifi Specs

Standard Max Speed Typical Range

802.11a 54 Mbps 150 feet
802.11b 11 Mbps 300 feet
802.11g 54 Mbps 300 feet
802.11n 100 Mbps 300+ feet
Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center
conductor and a braided metal shield (See fig. 3). The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from
fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.
• Fig. 3. Coaxial cable
• Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. In addition, it can support
greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial
and thin coaxial.
• Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2 refers to the specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying
Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In actual fact the maximum
segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial cable has been popular in school networks, especially linear bus networks.
• Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet. 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick coaxial cable carrying
Ethernet signals. The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500 meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra
protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center conductor. This makes thick coaxial a great choice
when running longer lengths in a linear bus network. One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and
is difficult to install.
• Coaxial Cable Connectors
• The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector (See fig.
4). Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a T-connector, barrel connector, and
terminator. Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any network. To help avoid problems with your network,
always use the BNC connectors that crimp, rather screw, onto the cable.

• Astro ,CCTV, TV arial

• Dulu2 pakai Coaxial untuk internet
• Voice
• Data-video, photos, file, programme,
Phone cable
• Phone cables are most often used for home
telephone lines and for Digital Subscriber Line
(DSL) connections. Ethernet cables are typically
used to interconnect computers and IP networks.
• Standard telephone cable contains four wires. It is
unshielded and designed with the bandwidth
necessary to carry voice communications. The low
demands of this type of communication do not
require twisting or exhibit a great concern over
signal loss. The low bandwidth makes this wiring
unsuitable for data communications.
• CAT 3 (VOICE UTP)
• Ethernet cables contain four twisted pairs of
wires. The twists in the wires help to rebuff
induction and crosstalk on the lines. The Ethernet
cable is designed to carry communication traffic
at a minimum of 10 megabits per second. Cat 5e
rated cable is currently the lowest acceptable
standard for data communications.
• CAT 5 (DATA/VOICE)
Ethernet
• Ethernet /ˈiːθərnɛt/ is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in 
local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks
 (WAN).[1] It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as 
IEEE 802.3,[2] and has since been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link
distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies
such as token ring, FDDI and ARCNET.
• The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, while the newer
Ethernet variants use twisted pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with hubs or switches
. Over the course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the
original 2.94 megabits per second (Mbit/s)[3] to the latest 100 gigabits per second (Gbit/s).
The Ethernet standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of the 
OSI physical layer in use with Ethernet.
• Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces called 
frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses, and error-checking data
 so that damaged frames can be detected and discarded; most often, higher-layer
protocols trigger retransmission of lost frames. As per the OSI model, Ethernet provides
services up to and including the data link layer.[4]
• Since its commercial release, Ethernet has retained a good degree of 
backward compatibility. Features such as the 48-bit MAC address and Ethernet frame
 format have influenced other networking protocols. The primary alternative for some uses
of contemporary LANs is Wi-Fi, a wireless protocol standardized as IEEE 802.11.[
Telecommunication Installation System For High
Rise Buildings

• Distribution cables of suitable sizes are taken from a Main

Distribution Frame
• (MDF) in the basement to the various floors.
• • Provide one or more vertical ducts which rise from the
basement to the top of the
• building.
• • Each vertical duct should be located centrally with respect to
the distribution area.
• • A limit to the number of cables which can be taken from any
one horizontal duct
• from a riser to the telephone instruments.
• • Number of risers and their siting should be such that no
telephone outlet needs
• more than 328m of cable to connect it to a riser.
Main Distribution Frame/room
Telecommunication installation system of
Petronas Twin Towers

• The network infrastructure was being incorporated into the

building by the time they were being constructed.
• Built up by four main control networks:
1). A building security system.
2). Fire alarm system.
3). A building control for air conditioning, lights and elevators.
4). A building information system that will monitor the other
three main control networks.
MDF
1. Voice MDF
2. Data MDF

Application
• Intelligent Management Server
• Voice in/out terminal
• Fiber Distribution for Data Main
Telecominication Cable
Corning Fiber Cables
UTP Cables
CAT 5e and CAT 6
•The Difference Between Cat5e and Cat6 Ethernet Cables
•Ever walk into the electronics section of your local retail store like a Target or Wal-Mart
and see a bunch of Ethernet cables, but with different names and specifications?  What
is the difference between these cables and what makes one better than the other?  In
this blog, we will explore the differences between Cat5e Ethernet cables and Cat6
Ethernet cables.
•Like all commodities, bigger better versions come out after the product has been
through its lifecycle.  In the case of Ethernet cables, Cat5e is your standard Ethernet
cable that has bandwidth performance up to 100 MHZ.  Now Cat5e is the enhanced
version of Cat5, hence the “e” added to the end of the name.  With Cat5e, crosstalk
characteristics are minimized through the twisted pairs.  Crosstalk, as mentioned back in
one of our earlier blog posts, is when a signal on one circuit or channel is superimposed
on another and causes some kind of interference.
•Cat6 Ethernet cable provides even better crosstalk than Cat5e cables, but the
performance is rated at 250 MHz which allows Cat6 cables to deliver double the signal-
to-noise margin of Cat 5e cabling.  In addition, these cables also provide the
performance headroom desired by end-users to ensure that their cabling plant can
withstand the rigors of the cabling environment and still support 1000BASE-T
standards.   Cat6 cables are often used in more industrial environments and not in the
home as they are rated for 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards.  Generally speaking, Cat 6
cable has wider frequency bandwidth and tighter requirements on electrical
performance. 
Application

• Application of a telecommunication services in a high rise building have to be

very well planned.
• Cabling system that were used for telephone communications have many
other applications whichinclude:
1. - Fire alarms
2. - Security/intruder alarms
3. - Computer networking
4. - Teleprinters
The voltage and current are very low and are not directly connected to the main
electricity in a building.
• Telecommunications and mains cabling should be separated in independent
conduits and trunking:
• - For safety purposes
• - To prevent interference
Conclusion
• Telecommunication is not only about telephone systems but
it’s cable systems can also be used in security alarms,
firealarm, computer networking and fax machine as well as lift
control.
• It is vital for a high rise building to provide a high quality of
• telecommunication systems to become a highly grade and
intelligent building especially for business cooperation
companies.
• Telecommunication room (TR) should be keep in the range
18ºC to 24ºC to prevent over heat that will cause fire.
Case Study KLCC
• A proposed multi storey building of 88 storeys, 1,483 feet high
• • The tallest twin buildings in the world and 9th tallest building in the world
• • Designed by: Argentinean-American architect Cesar Pelli
• • Construction:
• Tower 1: Hazama Corporation
• Tower 2: Samsung Engineering & Construction
• • First major tenants of this building: Malaysia‘s national oil company,
Petroliam Nasional Berhad
• (PETRONAS)
• • Feature ： There have the skybridge between the tower 1 and tower which
is located at levels 41 and
• levels 42.
• • A MSC status building
• • A green building : They powered by solar energy and using the first solar
photovoltaic (PV) system on Suria KLCC’s roof-top
Telecommunication Services-KLCC

• • The connectivity of KLCC is provided from main subscriber

distribution frame
• to the end-user workstations, minimizing re-cabling and cable-
removal.
• • Via optical fibre loop
• • Cable plant infrastructure( vertical and horizontal) : using patch
panels for
• both optical fibre and unshielded twisted pair (category-5) wiring.
• • Telecommunications infrastructure : local loop communication
system within
• the boundaries of the KLCC site.
• • Central Telecommunications Office (CTO) : control the connection
of the
• building to the outside world within the building
KLCC
• The main 11kV switchboard is located at level 6.
• • Vertical distribution is made in fire-rated cable risers with the
11kV cables enclosed in fire-proof trunking
• • 30MVA 33kV XLPE cables are laid in different routes into the
building ： reduce simultaneous cable failures
• • Emergency power supply requirement
• – a SCADA (Schematic Control and Data Acquisition)
• – two 2*1500kW 11kV life-safety generators have been
provided for each tower separately.
Fire Alarm System (KLCC)

• • Management of the fire detection system is centralized

• at the Central Fire Command Centre (CFCC)
• • Using the latest technology located at street level
• • Directly linked to BOMBA (Fire and Rescue Department,
• Malaysia)
• • The risers serving the building sprinkler will be
• separated from those serving the wet rising main
• system.
Building Security System (KLCC)

• • Designed to operate via a LAN which is the engineering

• building monitoring and controls system in local area.
• • The high level software running on the integrated
• security network captures all data to ensure fully
• automated coordination among BSS sub-system.
New Technology &
comtemporary Issues
• Search own your own-

• IP TV, IP Voice Call and etc

• TM net, now unifi (Telekom Malaysia)

• Maxis,celcom and etc (telco provider)
• TIME.com cities high rise building consumers

Additional notes
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