LEC 3- STRESS

TRANSFORMATION
Stress Tensor

Internal Forces on solid body in self-equilibrating system of forces

Stress in infinitesimal surface – (Element)

Force per unit area acting on Normal Stress
Force per unit Area facet can be resolved into two   T cos 
dF components
Tangential or shear stress
T • Normal to surface
d • Tangential   T sin 
9-4 Variation of Stress with Inclination of Element

 

 
 

9-4 Variation of Stress with Inclination of Element
• To obtain a complete picture of the stresses in a bar, we must
consider the stresses acting on an “inclined” (as opposed to a
“normal”) section through the bar.

• Stresses same throughout the entire bar, so stresses on the sections

are uniformly distributed
9-4 Variation of Stress with Inclination of Element
• What are normal stress acting on inclined Plane?

• The force P can be resolved into normal force N and tangential force
T along the plane
Normal force N acting on plane: N=Pcos
Tangential force T acting along plane : T=Psin
• If we know the area at which forces acts, we can calculate the
associated stresses
9-4 Variation of Stress with Inclination of Element

• Normal Stress

• Shear Stress
 PLANE STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
Why? A material may yield or fail at the maximum value of σ or τ.
This value may occur at some angle other than θ = 0. (Remember
that for uni-axial tension the maximum shear stress occurred when
θ = 45 degrees. )
Stress Transformation in 2D

Global axis stays fixed

 yx  y
xy x
  y
y y  
x
θ
Local axis x’, y’ are rotated z
through angle θ around x, y  y  x
axis xx  xy 
z x
 y  yx
 2D Stress Transformation – Problem Statement
• Plane Stress Transformation Problem :
• Given  x ,  y ,  xy and angle 
• Express  ' ,  ' ,  ' in terms of data
x y xy

This transformation has two major uses:

• Find stresses along a given skew direction
Here angle θ is given as data
• Find max/min normal stresses, max in-plane
shear and overall max shear
Here finding angle θ is part of the problem  y
 yx
xy x
  y
y y  x
Two methods to compute the
maximum stresses i.e.,
z  x
 y
(1) Analytical approach xx  xy 
z x
(2) Using of Mohr’s circle  y  yx
9-6 Analytical Method

A cos
A sin 
Components of Horizontal Stress σx : Along normal n and inclined plane

Horizontal : ( x A cos  ) cos 

Vertical : ( x A cos ) sin 
Components of Vertical Stress σy : Along normal n and inclined plane

Horizontal : ( y A sin  ) sin 

Vertical : ( y A sin  ) cos
Components of Shear Stress τxy : Along normal n and inclined plane

Horizontal : ( xy A cos  ) sin 

Vertical : ( xy A cos  ) cos 
Components of Shear Stress τyx : Along normal n and inclined plane

Horizontal : ( yx A sin  ) cos 

Vertical : ( yx A sin  ) sin 
 Fn  0  A  ( x A cos ) cos  ( y A sin  ) sin   ( xy A cos ) sin 
 ( yx A sin  ) cos

 Ft  0  A  ( x A cos ) sin   ( y A sin  ) cos  ( xy A cos ) cos

 ( yx A sin  ) sin 
 Fn  0  A  ( x A cos ) cos  ( y A sin  ) sin   ( xy A cos ) sin 
 ( yx A sin  ) cos

   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy cos sin 

 Ft  0  A  ( x A cos ) sin   ( y A sin  ) cos  ( xy A cos ) cos

 ( yx A sin  ) sin 

   x cos sin    y sin  cos   xy cos 2    yx sin 2 

Double Angle Version

1  cos 2 1  cos 2 sin 2
Note:  xy   yx , cos 2   , sin 2   , cos sin  
2 2 2
 x  y  x  y
  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 sin 2   xy cos 2
2
For element the stress state after rotation ?

 x  y  x  y A
  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y A cos
 sin 2   xy cos 2
2 A sin 

 x  y  x  y  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2  x
2 2
 yx
 x  y  x  y   xy
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2  xy  yx
 x  y  x  y
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2

cos 2( 2   )  cos(  2 )   cos 2

sin 2( 2   )  sin(  2 )   sin 2
 Method 3: Using Transformation Matrix
A
   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy cos sin 
A cos
   x cos sin    y sin  cos   xy cos    yx sin 
2 2

A sin 
[ 𝜎 ′ ] =[ 𝑅 ] 𝑇 [ 𝜎 ] [ 𝑅 ]
 

 xx  xy 
σ 

 yx  yy 

 cos sin  
R 
  sin  cos 
cos   sin  
R 
T

 sin  cos 

  xy
 xx   cos  sin    xx  xy   cos sin  
       sin  cos    yx  yy    sin  cos 
 yx yy  
Sign Convention

Counterclockwise: +ve θ
Example
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the stress element below.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented 30° clockwise with respect to
the original element.

Define the stresses in terms of the established

sign convention:
σx = -80 MPa σy = 50 MPa
τxy = 25 MPa

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2

80  50 80  50
 x   cos 2(30))  (25)sin 2(30)  25.9 Mpa
2 2
 Example
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the stress element below.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented 30° clockwise with respect to
the original element.

 x  y  x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
80  50 80  50
 y   cos 2(30))  (25)sin 2(30)  4.15Mpa
2 2

 x  y
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2

80  50
 xy  sin 2(30)  (25) cos 2(30)  68.8Mpa
2
Example
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the stress element below.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented 30° clockwise with respect to
the original element.
  xy   cos 
 xx  sin    xx  xy   cos  sin  
       sin  cos   yx  yy    sin  cos  
 yx yy  

 xx  xy
  cos(30)  sin( 30)   80 25  cos( 30) sin( 30) 
       sin( 30) cos(30)   25 50    sin( 30) cos( 30) 
 yx yy     

  xy  0.866 0.5   80 25  0.866 0.5 

 xx
       0.5 0.866   25 50   0.5 0.866 
 yx yy     

  xy
 xx    25.85 68.8 
       68.8 4.15
 yx yy   
Principal Stresses
The maximum and minimum normal stresses (σ1 and σ2) are known as the
principal stresses. To find the principal stresses, we must differentiate the
transformation equations w.r.t θ

 x  y  x  y
Eq.(9-5)  x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2

d  x   y
 (2sin 2 )  2 xy cos 2  0
d 2

 x   y  sin 2  2 xy cos 2  0

2 xy
tan 2 p  
 x  y
Principal Stresses
To eliminate θ , let us perform some algebra by squaring two equations (9-5
and 9-6) and adding them

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2 Eq.(9-5)
 x  y
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2 Eq.(9-6)
2
2 2
  x  y   x  y  x y 

 x    cos 2
(2 )   2
sin 2
(2 )  2  cos2   xy sin 2
2   2   2
xy
  
2
 x  y   x  y 

 xy  
2
 sin (2 )   xy cos (2 )  2 
2 2 2
 sin(2 )  xy cos(2 )
 2   2 
2 2
 x  y   x  y 
  x  2    xy   2   cos (2 )  sin (2 )    xy  sin (2 )  cos (2 ) 
  2 2 2 2 2 2

   
2 2
 x  y   x  y 
  
x     
xy
2
  2    2
xy
Eq.(9-7)
 2   
Principal Stresses
• Defining average stress and R
x  y
 ave 
2
2
 x  y 
R 
2
   xy2
 2 
• Plug into equation (9-7)
2 2
 x  y   x  y 
  
x     
xy
2
     2
xy
Eq.(9-7)
 2   2 

  x   ave    xy2  R 2
2
For principal Stress we know shear stress is zero

  x   ave   R 2
2
  Equation of circle with center at (,o) and radius R
Principal Stresses
x  y
 ave 
2  x ave 
     R 22

2
    
R2   x y
   xy2
 2 

Maximum or minimum s

 max   ave  R  min   ave  R

2
  y   y 
1  x   x    2
xy
2  2 
2
x  y  x  y 
2       xy2 2
2  2  1
2 xy 
tan 2 p 
 x  y
2
1
Principal stresses

1   x   y  x  y 2 2
  ( )   xy
2 2 2

2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
Principal stresses -Example
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the stress element below.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented 30° clockwise with respect to
the original element.

1   x   y  x  y 2 2
  ( )   xy
2 2 2
2 xy
tan 2 
 x  y

 1  80  50 80  50 2
   ( )  252  15  69.64
2 2 2
 2  84.64 MPa  1  54.64 MPa

2(25) 2  21.0375 and 201.04

tan 2   0.3846
80  50   10.52 and 100.52
Principal stresses -Example
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the stress element below.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented 30° clockwise with respect to
the original element.

But we should check which angle goes with which principal stress.

 x  y  x  y
  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2

80  50 80  50
x   cos 2(10.52)  25sin 2(10.52)  84.64
2 2

 1  54.64 with angle 100.52

 2  84.64 with angle 10.52
  8,000 psi

 4,000 psi
 6,000 psi

 x  4,000 psi
 y   8, 000 psi
 xy   6,000 psi

1   x   y  x   y 2 2 4000  (8000) 4000  ( 8000) 2

   ( )     ( )  (6000)2
2 2 2
xy
2 2
 2000  (6000) 2  (6000) 2  10485.3, 6485.3 psi
  x  y  x  y
  cos 2(30O )   xy sin 2(30O )
2 2

4000  (8000) 4000  ( 8000)

  cos 2(30O )  (6000)  sin 2(30O )  6,196.15 psi
2 2

 x  y
 sin 2   xy cos 2
2

4000  ( 8000)
 sin 2(30O )  (6000)  cos 2(30O )  2196.15 psi
2

 6,196.15 psi

30o
 2,196.15 psi
4,000 psi

8,000 psi
6, 000 psi
Maximum Shear Stress
To find the maximum shear stress, we must differentiate the transformation
equation for shear.

 x  y
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2
d xy  x  y
 cos 2 s  2 xy sin 2 s  0
d s 2

tan 2 s 
  x  y 
2 xy

There are two values of θs in the range 0-180°, with values differing by 90°.
So, the planes on which the maximum shear stresses act are mutually
perpendicular.
Because shear stresses on perpendicular planes have equal magnitudes,the
maximum positive and negative shear stresses differ only in sign.
Maximum Shear Stress
x  y
 ave 
2
  x   ave   R 2
2

2
    
R2   x y
   xy2
 2 

Maximum or minimum t

 max  R  min   R
2
  y 
 max,min   x    2
xy
 2 

 x  y
tan 2 s 
2 xy
Maximum Shear Stress
• Use equations for sin θs and cos θs or τxy to find out which face
has the positive shear stress and which the negative.
 x  y  x  y
  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
• What normal stresses act on the planes with maximum shear stress?
Substitute for θs in the equations for σx1 and σy1 to get.

x  y
 x1  s
2
Maximum Shear Stress -Example
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the stress element below.
Determine the maximum shear stresses and draw the corresponding stress element.

 x  y 2 2
 max  ( )   xy
2

x  y
 x1  s
2

80  50 2 80  50
 max  ( )  252  69.68 MPa s   15 MPa
2 2

2 s  69 and -69+180

tan 2 s 
  x  y 

80  50
 2.6
2 xy 2(25)  s  34.5 and 55.5
Maximum Shear Stress -Example
We must check for associated angle.

 x  y
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2
80  50 
 xy    sin 2( 34.5)  25cos(34.5)  69.8
 2 
Problem 9-27. For the state of stresses shown in Figure P-297, determine the
principal stresses and maximum in-plane stress. Show your result on complete
sketches of a differential element
 yy  60 MPa

 xx  0 MPa
 yy  60 MPa θ  xy  30 MPa
 xy   30 MPa

1   x   y  x   y 2 2 0  (60) 0  (60) 2
   ( )     ( )  (30)2
2 2 2
xy
2 2

 30  (30) 2  (30) 2  72.43 ,-12.42

2 xy 2( 30) 2  45

tan 2  tan 2   1
 x  y 0  60   22.5
Problem 9-27. For the state of stresses shown in Figure P-297, determine the
principal stresses and maximum in-plane stress. Show your result on complete
sketches of a differential element
 yy  60 MPa
Check angles
 x  y  x  y
  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2  xy  30 MPa
0  60 0  60
  cos(45)  (30)sin(45)  12.42 Mpa
2 2

 1  72.43 MPa

67.50
 2  12.42 MPa
x
22.50
Problem 9-27. For the state of stresses shown in Figure P-297, determine the
principal stresses and maximum in-plane stress. Show your result on complete
sketches of a differential element   60 MPa yy
Maximum in Plane Shear Stress

 x  y 2 2
 max  ( )   xy  xy  30 MPa
2
0  60 2
 max  ( )  (30) 2  42.42 MPa
2
x  y 0  60
 x1  s   30
2 2
Check associated angles

tan 2 s 
  x  y 

0  60
1  x  y
2 xy 2(30)  xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2
2 s  45 and 45+180 60 
 xy    sin(45)  ( 30) cos(45)  42.42
 s  22.5 and 112.5  2 
 State of Stresses on Differential Element

y  yy  60 MPa

 2  12.42 MPa  1  72.43 MPa

67.50  xy  30 MPa
x
22.50

y
30 MPa

30 MPa

112.50 22.50
 xy  42.42 MPa
x

30 MPa 30 MPa
Mohr Circle – Graphical Method
In 1882 Otto Mohr developed the graphical method for solution of combined
stresses
To eliminate θ , let us perform some algebra by squaring two equations (9-5
and 9-6) and adding them
 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2 Eq.(9-5)
2 2
 x  y
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2 Eq.(9-6)
2 2
    y  
 x   y 

 x   x
    cos 2
(2 )   2
xy sin 2
(2 )
 2   2 
2
 x  y 
 xy  
2
 sin 2
(2 )   2
xy cos 2
(2 )
 2 
2 2
 x  y   x  y 
  x  2    xy   2   cos (2 )  sin (2 )    xy  sin (2 )  cos (2 ) 
  2 2 2 2 2 2

   
2 2
 x  y   x  y 
  
x     
xy
2
  2    2
xy
 2   
Mohr Circle
• Defining location of center and radius R
x  y
C
2
2
 x  y 
R 
2
   xy2
 2 
• Plug into equation (9-7)
2 2
 x  y   x  y 
  
x     
xy
2
     2
xy
Eq.(9-7)
 2   2 

  x  C    xy2  R 2
2
Equation of circle with center at (C,o) and radius R

2
 x  y 
R     2
xy
 2 
 Mohr Circle

• Draw points A , B
corresponding to x
stress state
x  y
• Draw line joining A & 2 F
B , intersects x-axis at
it center C A
• Draw Circle joining
y  xy
pts A & B with center C
F  x  y E
at C
 yx 2
• Any point on circle B
represent the stress F
state on the plane
orientated from center • Principal stresses
at an angle, twice the • Maximum shear stresses
angle with x-axis
Mohr Circle
Rule for Applying Mohr Circle to Combined Stresses

is
ax
x-
( x , xy )

(0, 0) 

( y ,  xy )
is
ax
y-
 

is
ax
x-
( x , xy )

(0, 0) 
C

( y ,  xy )
is
ax
y-
 

n-a

is
x

ax
is
( n , n )

x-
( x , xy )
R
n
q (0, 0) q
2q

n C

( y ,  xy )
is
ax
y-
 

n-a

is
x

ax
is
( n , n )

x-
( x , xy )
R
n
q (0, 0) 2q

n C

( y ,  xy )
is
ax
y-
 
(C , max )

is
ax
x-
( x , xy )
R
( 2 , 0) q1 2q2 2q
1
( 1 , 0) 
C

( y ,  xy )

s
i
ax
y-
 x  y  xy
C  (C , 0)  ( , 0) 1  C  R sin 21  or
2 R
2  C  R
2 xy
 x  y 2 2 tan 21 =
R ( )   xy  max  R  x  y
2
2 2  180o  21
 ( x , xy )

( y ,  xy )
 

y-
ax
is
(8000, 6000)

R
( 2 , 0) C ( 1 , 0) 
2q1
(2000, 0)
 x  y
C  (C , 0)  ( , 0) (4000, 6000)
2

x-
8000  4000

ax
( , 0)  (2000, 0)

is
2  xy 6000
sin 21  
 x  y 2 2 4000  8000 2 R 6000 2
R ( )   xy  ( )  60002  6000 2 psi
2 2 2
1 1  22.5O

22.5
 1 ,  2  C  R  2000  6000 2  4485.3, 10485.3 psi
1
 

y-
ax
is
(8000, 6000)
( 30o , 30o )
R
( 2 , 0) C ( 1 , 0) 
60o
(2000, 0)
( 120o , 120o ) 45o

(4000, 6000)
 30  C  R cos(15o )

x-
ax
o

is
 2000  6000 2 cos(15o )  6196.15 psi
 30  R sin(15o )  6000 2 sin(15o )  2196.15 psi
o

10196.15
 120  C  R cos(15o )
o
6196.15
2196.15  2000  6000 2 cos(15o )  10196.15 psi
30

2196.15
 120   R sin(15o )  6000 2 sin(15o )  2196.15 psi
o
 80

60
(50, 52)
40

20
2θ=600

-80 -40 20 40 60 80

-40

(-10, -52)

-80
Special Cases of Mohr Circle
 P 200
x    0.04 kN/mm 2  40 MPa,  y  0,  xy  0
A 50 100

 x  y  x  y
  cos 2(-50O )   xy sin 2(-50O )
2 2
40  0 40  0
  cos 2(-50O )  0  sin 2(-50O )  16.5 MPa
2 2
 x  y
 sin 2   xy cos 2
2
20  0
 sin 2(-50O )  0  cos 2(-50O )  19.69 MPa
2
 x  40 MPa,  y  0,  xy  0

x
R  20 MPa
2
20
 
C   x ,0 
 2  10

y-axis x-axis
10 20 30 40
-10 -1000
 50  C  R cos(80)
-20
 50  20  20cos(80)  16.52 MPa  16,19.8 
 50  20sin(80)  19.70 MPa
Problem937: The state of stress at a point is result of two separate actions
as shown in Figure. Determine principle stresses and principle planes

3000 Psi
n-axis
4

3
 3464, 2000 
y-axis 2
(a)
n
y 600
1
4000 Psi

x 1 2 3 4 103
600 -1

-2 x-axis
(b)  3464, 2000 
-3
 x  R cos(30)  20cos(30)  3464 Psi
-4
 xy  4000sin(30)  2000 Psi
Problem937: Combined stress state
3000 Psi

8
y-axis
 3464,5000  6

(a) 4

3464 Psi
5000 Psi 2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 103
3464 Psi -2

-4
(b)
-6  3464, 5000 
 1  (3464) 2  (5000)2  6082 Psi x-axis
-8
5000
tan 2 p1  =1.44
3464
2 p1  55.28 and  p1  27.64
Problem940: The state of stress at a point is result of three separate actions
as shown in Figure. Determine principle stresses and principle planes

y
40 MPa
30 MPa
x
600

(a) (b)
n

n
y
20 MPa

x
600

(c)
Problem937: Convert force (b) to x-y reference axis

y
40 MPa
40

x 30
y-axis
600
 30,17.32  20
(b)
n 10

30 MPa
17.32 MPa -40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 30 40
-10

-20
10 MPa  10, 17.32  x-axis
-30

-40
Problem937: Convert force (c) to x-y reference axis
n
y
20 MPa 20

x 15
600
10 y-axis
 15,8.66 

(c) 5

15 MPa
8.66 MPa -20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20
-5

-10
5 MPa  5, 8.66 
-15 x-axis

-20
Problem940: The state of stress at a point is result of three separate actions
as shown in Figure. Determine principle stresses and principle planes

30 MPa
17.32 MPa
30 MPa

10 MPa

(a) (b)

15 MPa
8.66 MPa 15 MPa
25.98 MPa

5 MPa
25 MPa

(c) (combined)
Problem937: Combined stress Mohr Circle
15 MPa
25.98 MPa
40

25 MPa 30

20

10

-40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 30 80

-10

-20

-30

-40
Design Problem1: The frame supports the distributed loading of 200 N-m.
Determine the normal and shear stresses at points D and E that act
perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the grain.The grain at this point
makes an angle of 30° and 60° with the horizontal as shown.
 Design Problem1: 500 N
0.1m

0.025m
0.0625m 250 N 1.25m
250 N
0.075m
50 N
S.F
Section Properties:
bd 3 0.1 0.23
I   66.67  106 m 4
12 12 50 N
QD  y  A  0.0625  (0.1)  (0.2)  0.46875 103 m3 150 N.m

Normal stress by applying flexure formula:

My 150  ( 0.025) 250 N
D    6
 56.25 kPa
I 66.67  10
56.25 kPa
Shear stress by applying Shear formula:
VQD 50  (0.46875 103 )
D    3.52 kPa 3.52 kPa
It (66.67  106 )  0.1
 Design Problem1:
 x  y  x  y 56.25 kPa
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
3.52 kPa
56.25  0 56.25  0

 60  cos 2(60)  (3.52)sin 2(60)  11.25 kPa x’
2 2

 x  y 60o
x
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2 30o
56.25  0
 xy  sin 2(60)  3.52cos 2(60)  22.6 kPa
2

Using Mohr Circle 120o

 x  R  R cos    (56.25,3.52) 
(0,-3.52)
28.125  28.125cos(52.81)  11.12 kPa
 xy  R sin  
28.125sin(52.81)  22.4 kPa 28.125
56.25
 Design Problem1: For stress at point E. P= 250 N

Section Properties:
A  (0.1 0.05)  5 10 3 m 2

Normal stress by applying axial stress formula: 250 N

P 250
D    3
 50 kPa
A 5  10
What about Shear stress ? 50 kPa

P= 250 N

0  50 0  (50)
 
 150  cos 2(150)  12.5 kPa
2 2 x’ 150o
0  (50)
 xy  sin 2(150)  21.65 kPa x
2
 Design Problem2: The cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner
radius of 1.25 m and a wall thickness of 15 mm. It is made from
steel plates that are welded along the 45° seam. Determine the
normal and shear stress components along this seam if the
vessel is subjected to an internal pressure of 3 MPa.
Radial and hoop stress by applying thin cylinder formula:
Pr 3  (1250)
r    125 MPa
2t 2 15
Pr 3  (1250)
    250 MPa
t 15
250 kPa
x’
135o

125 kPa x

125  250 125  250

 
 135  cos 2(135)  187.5 kPa
2 2
125  (250)
 xy  sin 2(135)  62.5 kPa
2
9-8 Absolute Maximum Shearing Stress
• Mohr’s circle can be drawn for rotation about any of the
three principle axes.
• These axes are in the direction of the three principle
stresses.
• The maximum shear stress is found from the largest
diameter circle.
9-8 Absolute Maximum Shearing Stress
s2
s1
s2
s1
x

s2 Rz s1
1   2
Rz 
2
Mohr’s circle: Rotation around z-axis
 s2
Rx s1

Mohr’s circle: Rotation around x-axis

2
Rx 
2

Ry
1
Ry 
2

Mohr’s circle: Rotation around y-axis

 s2
s1

s2
s1
x

 2 1 2
Rz  1 Ry  Rx 
2 2 2

Rz Ry
Rx
Absolute maximum shearing stress for plane
stress is equal to the largest of the following three
values s2
1   2 1 2 s1
Rz  , Rz  , Rx 
2 2 2

Ry

Rx Rz

Mohr’s circles for plane stress

Absolute maximum shearing stress for general
state of stress is equal to the largest of the
following three values s2
1   2 1   3  2 3 s1
Rz  , Rz  , Rx 
2 2 2

z s3

Ry

Rx Rz

Mohr’s circles for general

state of stress
 20
Maximum in-plane shearing stress =
50
 1   2 50  20
   15 ksi
2 2

Absolute maximum shearing stress is the largest of

1   2 50  20
  15 ksi,
2 2
 1 50
  25 ksi,
2 2
2 20
  10 ksi,
2 2
Ex.  x  50

20
Maximum in-plane shearing stress =
50
 1   2 50  20
   35 ksi 
2 2

Absolute maximum shearing stress is the largest of

 (ksi)
1   2 50  20
  35 ksi,
2 2
1 50
  25 ksi, Ry Rz
2 2  1 =-50 Rx  2 =20
 (ksi)
2 20
  10 ksi,
2 2