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Optical Fiber

1. A number of mechanisms can cause signal attenuation in optical fibers, including material absorption, scattering, bend losses, coupling losses, splice and connector losses, modal coupling losses, and leaky mode losses. 2. Material absorption is caused by photon absorption interacting with fiber material atoms/molecules. Intrinsic absorption is due to the fiber's main components while extrinsic absorption is caused by impurities. 3. Scattering occurs when light transfers between fiber modes due to the fiber's random refractive index variations introduced during manufacturing. Scattering increases with decreasing wavelength.

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136 views

Optical Fiber

1. A number of mechanisms can cause signal attenuation in optical fibers, including material absorption, scattering, bend losses, coupling losses, splice and connector losses, modal coupling losses, and leaky mode losses. 2. Material absorption is caused by photon absorption interacting with fiber material atoms/molecules. Intrinsic absorption is due to the fiber's main components while extrinsic absorption is caused by impurities. 3. Scattering occurs when light transfers between fiber modes due to the fiber's random refractive index variations introduced during manufacturing. Scattering increases with decreasing wavelength.

Uploaded by

akanskah kumari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NA  n sin  0 max  n1  n2  n1 2

2 2

n1  n2

n1
A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within
optical fibers

1-Material absorption
2-Scattering
3-Fiber bend losses
4-losses due coupling the source to the fibers
5–losses due to splices and connectors
6-Modal coupling radiation losses
7- Leaky mode losses

1. Material absorption:
•Due to photon absorption in interaction with atoms or molecules of the
material. It happens due to material composition and fabrication process
impurities which causes attenuation in the transmitted optical power in
the
form of heat due to absorption
It is divided into two types:
-Intrinsic due to interaction with the main components of the
glass
-Extrinsic due to interaction with the impurities in the glass
UV absorption

• Absorption occurs when a light particle (photon)


interacts with an electron and excites it to a higher
energy level.
• UV loss (dB/km) at any wavelength can be expressed
empirically as mole fraction x of former as
154.2 x 4.63
 uv  2
x10 exp( )
46.6 x  60 

• UV absorption is stronger for shorter wavelength


Infrared absorption

• In near IR above 1.2μm, the optical waveguide loss is


predominantly determined by presence of OH ions
and inherent infrared absorption
• Interaction between the vibrating bond and
electromagnetic field of optical signal results in a
transfer of energy from field to bond.

 48.48
 IR  7.81x10 x exp(
11
)

•Extrinsic absorption is a major 2. Scattering
source of loss in practical fiber.
-Linear scattering causes some optical
There are
two types are the main sources
power transfer from one propagating mode
of impurity absorption : to another, this tends to be a lossy process.
-Transition metal ions & OH The glass was formed using heat, which caused a random
ions movement of the molecules and when solidified the
•Transition metals (e.g : copper, molecules were frozen in their random
iron, etc…) absorbs strongly in locations. This yields a random refractive index through the
the region of interest and so material. Thus, photons will be scattered at the random
must not exceed a few parts per boundaries of the changing refractive indices. This type of
billion to ensure losses are
loss is known as Raleigh scattering.
kept below 20dB/km.
•OH absorption occurs because
-This applies when a wave travel through a medium having
of excess water content and scattering objects much smaller than the wavelength
peak absorption occurs at (molecular level). Thus, Raleigh
2.73mm (resonant wavelength scattering increases with the decrease in wavelength and
for absorption) Other was found to be proportional to l-4 and can be approximated
wavelength causes large by the following expression :
absorptions at 1.37, 1.23 and
0.95mm. Therefore for efficient
propagation those wavelength
must be avoided.
Macrobending in Multimode Fibre

Critical radius is the bend radius below which loss increases rapidly
Critical radius of curvature Rc for multimode fibre is given approximately by:

Loss can be reduced by using larger refractive index differences


For a given bend radius a larger NA will result in a lower Rc and thus lower loss

While Rc is influenced by wavelength it is found that above Rc the loss is not a


a strong function of wavelength (multimode fibre only)
Based on these relations the criteria to reduce macrobending losses is by :
-Designing fibers with large relative refractive index difference.
-Operating at the shortest wavelength possible.

Example
A66.5/125GI parabolic fiber of core and cladding index 1.448 and 1.443 respectively
operating at 1.3um . If the radius of curvature of the turn is 2cm, find the power lost
in that turn

Example
Assume a multimode graded index fiber has a refractive index at the core axis of 1.46 with a cladding refractive index of
1.45. The critical radius of curvature which allows large bending losses to occur is 84 μm when the fiber is transmitting
light of a particular wavelength. Determine the wavelength of the transmitted light.
Losses due to splices 5– and connectors

Any communication systems have requirements for joining and terminations


of the transmission medium. The number of intermediate connections or
joints is dependent upon the link length between repeaters. In optical fiber
the joints are:
-Fiber splices (like the soldered joints in other systems)
-Fiber demountable connectors (like plugs and sockets in other systems)
These types are used to couple the light from one fiber to the adjoint one.
-Fiber coupler: splits all the light ( or proportion) from the main fiber into
two or more fibers. Also it combines the light from branch fibers into
the main fiber
The joint losses is critically dependent on the alignment of the two fibers
5.1 Fresnel reflection at fiber to fiber joint
When the two jointed fiber ends are smooth and perpendicular to the fiber
axes, and the two fiber axes are perfectly aligned, there is a reflection causes
loss or attenuation due to mismatching of the refractive index of the medium
between the two jointed fibers. The fraction of the light power reflected at a
single interface is:

n is the refractive index of the medium


between the two fibers and the
transmission ratio is defined as :
5.2 Losses due to deviation of geometrical and optical parameters
There a re inherent connection problems when jointing fiber with :
-different core and /or cladding diameter;
-different NA and/or relative refractive index difference ;
-different refractive index profile ;
-fiber faults like core ellipticity, core concentricity, …
•The losses caused by these factors and Fresnel reflection loss are usually
referred to what is called INTRINSIC joint losses

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