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Signals and Systems

The document discusses signals and systems. It defines a signal as a time-varying physical phenomenon that conveys information, and a system as a device or combination of devices that can operate on signals to produce a response. It then classifies signals and systems, describing properties such as: - Continuous and discrete time signals - Periodic, aperiodic, deterministic, and probabilistic signals - Causal, non-causal, even, and odd signals - Linear, time-invariant, static, dynamic, causal, invertible, and stable systems It provides examples of elementary signals like step, ramp, impulse, and sinusoidal signals. Finally, it discusses how systems are represented and classified

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57 views

Signals and Systems

The document discusses signals and systems. It defines a signal as a time-varying physical phenomenon that conveys information, and a system as a device or combination of devices that can operate on signals to produce a response. It then classifies signals and systems, describing properties such as: - Continuous and discrete time signals - Periodic, aperiodic, deterministic, and probabilistic signals - Causal, non-causal, even, and odd signals - Linear, time-invariant, static, dynamic, causal, invertible, and stable systems It provides examples of elementary signals like step, ramp, impulse, and sinusoidal signals. Finally, it discusses how systems are represented and classified

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abc75
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ECE-201

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS


CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

• What is a Signal?
A signal is defined as a time varying physical phenomenon
which conveys information
Examples :Electrical signals, Acoustic signals, Voice signals, Video
signals, EEG, ECG etc.
• What is a System?
System is a device or combination of devices, which can operate
on signals and produces corresponding response.
• Input to a system is called as excitation and output from it is called as
response.
Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous-Time Signals
Most signals in the real world are
continuous time, as the scale is x(t)
infinitesimally fine.
Eg voltage, velocity,
Denote by x(t), where the time interval
may be bounded (finite) or infinite t
Discrete-Time Signals
Some real world and many digital signals
are discrete time, as they are sampled
E.g. pixels, daily stock price (anything
that a digital computer processes) x[n]
Denote by x[n], where n is an integer
value that varies discretely
Sampled continuous signal
n
x[n] =x(nk) – k is sample time
Signal Types
Signal classification
Signals may be classified into:
1. Periodic and aperiodic signals
2. Energy and power signals
3. Deterministic and probabilistic signals
4. Causal and non-causal
5. Even and Odd signals

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Signal Properties
Periodic signals: a signal is periodic if it repeats itself after a fixed period T,
i.e. x(t) = x(t+T0) for all t. A sin(t) signal is periodic.
The smallest value of To that satisfies the periodicity condition of this
equation is the fundamental period of x(t).

Deterministic and Random Signals:

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Causal and Non-Causal Signals:

Even and odd signals: a signal is even if x(-t) = x(t) (i.e. it can be reflected in the
axis at zero). A signal is odd if x(-t) = -x(t). Examples are cos(t) and sin(t)
signals, respectively

8/20
Decomposition in even and odd components

• Any signal can be written as a combination of an even and


an odd signals – Even and odd components

9/20
Energy and Power signal
A signal with finite energy is an
energy signal

A signal with finite and different from zero power is a power


signal
Power – The power is the time average (mean) of the squared
signal amplitude, that is the mean-squared value of f(t) .

There exists signals for which neither the energy nor the
power are finite .
Elementary Signals
Unit Step Signal:
Useful for representing causal signals

The discrete-time unit step signal u[n] is defined as


Ramp Signal
Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as

Area under unit ramp is unity.


Unit Impulse Function
Impulse function is denoted by δ(t).

Discrete time impulse function


Relation Between the Elementary Signals

r
Signum Function
Elementary Signals

Rectangular Signal Triangular Signal

Let it be denoted as x(t) Let it be denoted as x(t)


Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
Sinusoidal Signals

Continuous Time sinusoidal signal Discrete Time sinusoidal signal


Systems

A system is characterized by
- inputs
- outputs
- rules of operation ( mathematical model of the
system)
How is a System Represented?
A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into
another signal

Input signal Output signal


System
x(t) y(t)

In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the ratio


of the output signal over the input signal
That way, when we “multiply” the system by the input signal,
we get the output signal.
y(t)= F (x(t))
Classification of Systems

Systems are classified into the following categories:


• Linear and Non-linear Systems
• Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
• Static and Dynamic Systems
• Causal and Non-causal Systems
• Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
• Stable and Unstable Systems
Linear and Non-Linear System
A system is said to be linear when it satisfies superposition and
homogenate principles.
Consider two systems with inputs as x1(t), x2(t), and outputs as y1(t),
y2(t) respectively.
Then, according to the superposition and homogenate principles,

Thus response of overall system is equal to response of the individual


system.
Time/Shift Invariant
Time-invariance: A system is time invariant if the system’s
output is the same, given the same input signal, regardless
of time.

Offsetting the independent variable of the input by x0 causes the same


offset in the independent variable of the output. Hence the input-output
relation remains the same.
Static and Dynamic Systems
Static system is memory-less whereas dynamic system is a memory
system.
Example 1: y(t) = 2 x(t)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0).
Here, the output is only dependent upon present input.
Hence the system is memory less or static.

Example 2: y(t) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)


For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0)
+ 3x(-3).
Here x(-3) is past value for the present input for which the system requires
memory to get this output.
Hence, the system is a dynamic system.
Causal and Non-Causal Systems
A system is said to be causal if its output depends upon
present and past inputs, and does not depend upon future
input.
For non causal system, the output depends upon future inputs
also.

Example : y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)


For present value t=1,
the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2).
Here, the system output only depends upon present and past inputs.
Hence, the system is causal.
Invertible and Non-Invertible systems
A system is said to invertible if the input of the system
appears at the output.

Y(S) = X(S) H1(S) H2(S) = X(S) H1(S) · 1/(H1(S))


Since H2(S) = 1/( H1(S) )
∴ Y(S) = X(S)
→ y(t) = x(t)
Hence, the system is invertible.
If y(t) ≠ x(t), then the system is said to be non-
invertible
Stable and Unstable Systems
The system is said to be stable only when the output is
bounded for bounded input. For a bounded input, if the
output is unbounded in the system then it is said to be
unstable.

Example : y (t) = x2(t)


Let the input is u(t) (unit step bounded input) then the output
y(t) = u2(t) = u(t) = bounded output.
Hence, the system is stable.
Types of Systems
Properties Of LTI system
Properties Of LTI Systems

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