GROUTING
AND
STABILIZATION OF SOILS
Contents in Presentation:
UNIT-V:
Grout Techniques: Types of grouts, grouting
equipment and machinery, injection methods,
grout monitoring, stabilisation with cement,
lime and chemicals, stabilisation of expansive
soils.
• GROUT: Grouting is defined as the injection of a special
liquid or slurry material either in suspension or in solution
form called grout into the ground for the purpose of
improving the soil or rock.
• The process is widely used in the construction of tunnels,
shafts and dams for the purpose of either reducing percolation
or increasing the mechanical stability of soil or rock.
• Constantly developing with new materials and construction
technology
OBJECTIVES :It is done to
• decrease permeability
• decrease compressibility
• improve the strength
• decrease seepage flow
• increase resistance against deformation
• reduce conductivity and interconnected
porosity in an aquifer
APPLICATIONS :
• Soil Stabilization
• Excavation Support Systems
• Structural Underpinning
• Seepage Barrier/Cutoff Walls
• Environmental Remediation
USES :It is used in case of
• When the foundation has to be constructed below ground
water table
• When there is difficult to the foundation level (ex: city work,
tunnel shafts, sewers, subway construction)
• When the geometric dimensions of the foundations are
complicated and involves many boundaries and contact
zones
• When the adjacent structure require that the soil of the
foundation strata should not be excavated
• structures suffering post construction distress due to poor
soil condition
MATERIALS USED FOR GROUTING
• A large variety of materials can be used for grouting
• The selection depends on requirements of
durability, penetration, and strength
• Grout materials are classified as:
1. Suspension Grout
2. Emulsion Grout
3. Solution Grout
Types of grout
• Cement
• Cement+sand
• Clay-cement
• Slag-cement
• Resin gypsum-cement
• Clays
• Asphalt
• Pulverised fuel ash(PFA)
• Colloidal and low viscosity chemicals
SUSPENSION GROUT:
• Comprises of mixture of cement plus water and other
particulate solids such as clay, fly ash, lime, asphalt emulsion etc.
• Such type of mixtures depending on their compositions, may
prove to be stable(i.e., have minimal bleeding) or unstable when
left at rest
• Stable grouts have both cohesion and plastic viscosity, increasing
with time
• These suspensions are injected into soil mass to promote
permeation.
• One of the most commonly adopted suspension grout is cement
grout.
EMULSION GROUT :
• These are Colloidal solutions, evolutive
Newtonian fluids in which viscosity
progressively increases with time.
• Ex: sodium silicate based
SOLUTION GROUT :
• Pure solutions, non-evolutive Newtonian
solutions in which viscosity is essentially
constant until setting, within a controlled
period
• The liquid homogeneous molecular mixtures
of two or more substances is solution grout
• Ex: Organic resins and a wide variety of
chemical grouts
Grouting plant and equipment:
• Measuring tank- to control volume of grout
injected
• Mixer – to mix the grout ingredients
• Agitator – to keep the solid particles in
suspension until pumped
• Pump- to draw the grout from the agitator to
deliver to the pumping line
• Control fitting- to control the injection rate and
pressure
Layout of Grouting Plant
METHODS OF GROUTING:
• Permeation grouting
• Compaction grouting
• Hydro fracture grouting
• Jet grouting
• Rock grouting
• Compensation grouting
• Deep mixing method
INJECTION METHOD
• Drilling is performed using rotary drilling techniques and
an external water flush with special drill rods and bits
• Upon completion of the advancement of the drill rods to
the design depth, the jet grouting process commences
• The grout is injected through radial nozzles at high
pressure and velocity, destroying the soil matrix and
forming structural elements.
• Many structures and geometries can be achieved by
altering the parameters of the jetting procedure.
PERMEATION GROUTING :
• It is the process of filling joints or fractures in
rock or pore spaces in soil with a grout without
disturbing the formation
• Refers to the replacement of water in voids
between soil particles with a grout fluid at low
injection pressure so as to prevent fracturing
• Used to reduce ground permeability and
control ground water flow, but it also can be
used to strengthen and stiffen the ground
COMPACTION GROUTING:
• Grout mix is specifically designed so as not to
permeate the soil voids or mix with the soil
• Instead, it displaces the soil into which it is injected
• In granular deposits not at their maximum density,
the volume of voids are reduced and the deposit is
locally densified
• In compaction grouting a very stiff (say 25-mm slump)
mortar is injected into loose soils, forming grout bulbs
which displace and densify the surrounding ground,
without penetrating the soil pores
JET GROUTING :
• Jet grouting is an in-situ mixing of soils with a stabilizer (usually
neat cement grout)
• The stabilizer is injected at very high pressures (between 300 and
600 bar) through a nozzle of small diameter
• The grout is injected at high velocity, which enables the jet grouting
process to destroy the natural matrix of the soil and create a mixing
of the stabilizer with the in-situ soils
• The result is a homogeneous and continuous structural element
with predetermined characteristics.
• Jet grouting can be applied to a wide range of soils from non-
cohesive, poorly graded granular soils to cohesive plastic clays
• The jet grouting technique is a preferred alternative to other
conventional grout injection methods
HYDRO FRACTURE GROUTING:
• Hydro fracture grouting is the deliberate
fracturing of the ground (soil or rock) using
grout under pressure
• It is used to compact and stiffen the ground or
to access otherwise inaccessible voids, thus
reducing the mass permeability of the ground
• If the grouting pressure is increased sufficiently,
a soil mass may split and artificial grout-filled
fissures are formed
ROCK GROUTING :
• Rock grouting is the filling or partly filling by
grout injection of fissures, fractures or joints in
a rock mass with grouts without creating new
or opening existing fractures, in order to
reduce the permeability and increase the
stiffness of the grouted mass.
COMPENSATION GROUTING:
• Compensation grouting is the responsive use of
compaction, permeation or hydro fracture
grouting as an intervention between an existing
structure and an engineering operation
(particularly tunnel excavations)
• The aim is to minimize movement of the ground
that would affect the existing structure
Applications of grouting :The following are the
different applications of grouting
1. Seepage control
2. Soil solidification and stabilization
3. Vibration control
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