Scribd
Upload
15 views

ROBOTICS Module: Switches: Pull-Up Pull-Down Relay As A Switch Transistor As A Switch

The document summarizes different types of switches that can be used in robotics including pull-up, pull-down, relay, and transistor switches. It explains that pull-up resistors connect a pin to the positive supply voltage, while pull-down resistors connect to ground. Relays allow a microcontroller to control higher voltage/current circuits using electromagnets. Transistors can also act as switches by operating in cutoff or saturation regions to open or close a circuit. Diodes are often used to protect components from voltage spikes.

Uploaded by

whibleys
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views

ROBOTICS Module: Switches: Pull-Up Pull-Down Relay As A Switch Transistor As A Switch

The document summarizes different types of switches that can be used in robotics including pull-up, pull-down, relay, and transistor switches. It explains that pull-up resistors connect a pin to the positive supply voltage, while pull-down resistors connect to ground. Relays allow a microcontroller to control higher voltage/current circuits using electromagnets. Transistors can also act as switches by operating in cutoff or saturation regions to open or close a circuit. Diodes are often used to protect components from voltage spikes.

Uploaded by

whibleys
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

ROBOTICS Module

Switches:
• Pull-up
• Pull-down
• Relay as a switch
• Transistor as a switch
Switch
Simple switch has an open state and a
closed state.
A switch requires a pull-up or pull-down
resistor to produce a definite high or low
voltage when it is open or closed.
Their function is the same, to create a
default value for a circuit, but one pulls the
line high, the other pulls it low.
Pull-up
Pull-up

 The pull-up term is used when the resistor connects the pin
to the +

 A resistor placed between a digital input and the supply


voltage is called a "pull-up" resistor because it normally pulls
the pin's voltage up to the supply. 

 A switch placed between the digital input and ground will


short the digital input to ground when it is pressed.  This
means the voltage seen at the input will be high when the
switch is open and low when the switch is closed.
Pull-down
Pull-down
 “Pull-down” term is used when connects to the ground

 A resistor placed between a digital input and ground is


called a "pull-down" resistor because it normally pulls the
pin's voltage down to ground. 

 A switch placed between the digital input and the voltage


supply will short the digital input to the voltage supply when
it is pressed.  This means the voltage seen at the input will be
low when the switch is open and high when the switch is
closed.
In Summary

 Pull-up resistor limits the current.

 Just like the pull-up resistor, pull-down is used to limit the


current that can flow between Vcc and ground.

 The key function for the resistor itself is to prevent too much
current from flowing through the pull-up circuit.

 In most digital circuit, pull-up resistors are commonly used.


RELAY
RELAY
 A relay is an electromechanical device that connects to a low
voltage and controls a higher voltage discretely.
 Relay allows a small current flow to control a higher current
circuit. It has two low voltage connections.
 One that is ground, and the other is the signal that you send
from the microcontroller.
 This voltage activates a small electromagnet inside the relay
that moves a magnetized "heavy duty" switch inside the
relay. The advantage here is that there is no direct electrical
connection to your microcontroller. so it is very difficult to
fry your board.
RELAY
 When pin 2 has sufficient voltage applied to it, the internal
switch will flip up to contact from pin 3 to pin 4. Otherwise it
will either be floating (as in the 4 pin relay) or it will be
connected to pin 5 (as in the 5 pin relay). These pins are
known as the always connected(3) normally connected(5)
and normally open(4). Typically you will attach your positive
higher voltage to pin 3 and select where it is directed to (pin
4 or 5) depending on whether you send a high signal from
microcontroller or not.
RELAY
 Relays are basically inductors, and as such they do use a fair
amount of current, if you'd like to keep things low power,
consider attaching a resistor between microcontroller and the
relay.
 Diodes are most often used across the coil to provide a path for
current when the current path to the relay is interrupted (i.e.
switched off, coil no longer energized).
 When energizing the coil of a relay, polarity of the coil does
not matter unless there is a diode across the coil. If a diode is
not present, you may attach positive voltage to either terminal
of the coil and negative voltage to the other, otherwise you
must connect positive to the side of the coil that the cathode
side (side with stripe) of the diode is connected and negative to
side of the coil that the anode side of the diode is connected.
RELAY

• If the load is a motor, relay or solenoid (or any other device with a
coil) a diode must be connected across the load to protect the
transistor from the brief high voltage produced when the load is
switched off.
• The diagram shows how a protection diode is connected
'backwards' across the load, in this case a relay coil.
• Current flowing through a coil creates a magnetic field which
collapses suddenly when the current is switched off. The sudden
collapse of the magnetic field induces a brief high voltage across the
coil which is very likely to damage transistors and ICs.
• The protection diode allows the induced voltage to drive a brief
current through the coil (and diode) so the magnetic field dies away
quickly rather than instantly. This prevents the induced voltage
becoming high enough to cause damage to transistors and ICs.
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
 The bipolar transistor ,whether NPN or PNP, may be used as
a switch. 
 When used as a switch, the bipolar transistor is operated in
the cut-off region (the region wherein the transistor is not
conducting, and therefore makes the circuit 'open') and
saturation region (the region wherein the transistor is in full
conduction, thereby closing the circuit).
 When a transistor is used as a switch it must be either OFF or
fully ON. In the fully ON state the voltage VCE across the
transistor is almost zero and the transistor is said to be
saturated because it cannot pass any more collector current
Ic. The output device switched by the transistor is usually
called the 'load'.
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
The procedure explains how to choose a suitable switching transistor.
1) The transistor's maximum collector current Ic(max) must be greater
than the load current Ic.
load current Ic =   supply voltage Vs
load resistance RL
2) The transistor's minimum current gain h FE(min) must be at least five
times the load current Ic divided by the maximum output current from
the IC.
hFE(min)  >   5 ×     load current Ic  
max. IC current
3) Choose a transistor which meets these requirements and make a note of
its properties: Ic(max) and hFE(min).
4) Calculate an approximate value for the base resistor:
RB =   Vc × hFE    where Vc = IC supply voltage
   5 × Ic (in a simple circuit with one supply this is Vs)
5) For a simple circuit where the IC and the load share the same power
supply (Vc = Vs) you may prefer to use:
RB = 0.2 × RL × hFE
6) Then choose the nearest standard value for the base resistor.
7) Finally, remember that if the load is a motor or relay coil a protection
diode is required.

You might also like