Scribd
Upload
375 views29 pages

Telecom Transmission & Switching System: Najam Ul Hasan

This document outlines a course on telecom transmission and switching systems. It introduces different types of switching and signaling systems used in telecommunications networks. The course covers topics like ISDN, ATM, SDH, DWDM and GPON transmission. Evaluation will be based on assignments, quizzes, and exams. Readings are recommended from textbooks on telecom switching, data networking, signaling systems, and computer communication. The document provides an overview of telecom networks, their evolution, and components like switching exchanges, transmission media, and signaling standards.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Bilal Junaid
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
375 views29 pages

Telecom Transmission & Switching System: Najam Ul Hasan

This document outlines a course on telecom transmission and switching systems. It introduces different types of switching and signaling systems used in telecommunications networks. The course covers topics like ISDN, ATM, SDH, DWDM and GPON transmission. Evaluation will be based on assignments, quizzes, and exams. Readings are recommended from textbooks on telecom switching, data networking, signaling systems, and computer communication. The document provides an overview of telecom networks, their evolution, and components like switching exchanges, transmission media, and signaling standards.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Bilal Junaid
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Telecom Transmission

&
Switching System
Najam ul Hasan

Email:[email protected]

1
COURSE OBJECTIVE
 To familiarize with different types of switching
systems

To have a understanding of various types


signaling systems

To have a knowledge of traffic engineering and


concepts

To have a concept about Various Transmission


Systems

2
READINGS
 Class Notes/Discussions

Books
Telecommunications Switching, Traffic & Networks J.E.
Flood
Data Communication and Networking, 4th Edition
Behrouz A. Forouzan
Data and computer Communication , 7th Edition
William Stalling
Signaling in Telecommunication Network John G.van
Bose
!

3
COURSE OUTLINE
Introduction (Chapter1 J.E Flood)

Evolution of Switching systems (Chapter 8 B.A Foruzan)


Signaling in PSTN (John G.van Bose)

ISDN (William Stalling)

Next Generation Network


SIGTRAN

ATM and Signaling in ATM

Optical Fiber network-SDH (Siemens CBTs+Notes)

DWDM networks (Misc)


GPON (Misc) & Miscellaneous
4
Topics
GRADING POLICY
Assignments 5%
Quizzes 15%
First Sessional 15%
Second Sessional 15%
Final Exam 50%

Grading Policy is tentative

5
RULES & REGULATIONS
You are expected to take active part during lectures

You are strongly discouraged to enter the lecture room


after the class has already begun

You are strongly advised to attend lectures

6
Overview

! Introduction to telecommunication
! Early Telephone network
! Switching
! Transmission
! Media
Signaling
!
Standards

7
INTRODUCTION TO TELECOM
A telecommunications network can be considered as a system
of the following interacting subsystems

Switching Systems
Transmission Systems
Signaling Systems

8
EARLY TELEPHONE NETWORK

Stringing a wire between every pairs


of telephones that might want to
communicate was not good
Long Term Policy

A better idea was to connect all the


telephones to a central switching
office. There an operator could
connect one telephone to another via
a switch board

9
SWITCHING OFFICE

In this telephone system, each telephone user could connect


to any other telephone in the town by a cranking handle

 This would ring a bell in the switching office to attract the


attention of the operator

The operator talked to the telephone user to enquire to whom


they wished to be connected to. She then manually connected
the caller to the calle using a jumper cable on a plug board to
physically connect the telephone wires

10
SWITCHING EXCHANGE

11
EVOLUTION OF TRUNK EXCHANGES

It was soon apparent that the callers did not just want to
talk to the people in the same town but also to the
peoples
in the neighboring town

To connect every telephone in a number of towns to a


single switching office was impractical .The wires were too
long and the operator would have been overloaded

12
TRUNKS
The answer was to have switching offices
Using this two-tier hierarchy
It was possible to connect a
caller to the switching office
that could connect them in turn
to the switching office in the
destination town

Automatic switching
offices enables
switching in a fraction
of a second

13
PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK

Soon Customer wanted to talk to different regions , states


and other countries. To cope with this, even more tiers were
added to the hierarchy.

To make a call we now dial a number. This number is


examined by the local exchange, which decides if it can
connect with local telephone exchange or if it needs to
connect you via a higher level of hierarchy

14
PSTN EXCHANGES HIERARCHY

15
LOCAL EXCHANGE
Provides POTs, PRIs, BRIs

Serves the subscribers

Features for subscribers

Either subscribers on both the ends or subscribers on


one end and switch on other end

Gets the clock from Tandem

16
TANDEM EXCHANGE
Provide POTS, PRIs, BRIs

A center point for local exchanges

More PRIs links

Subscribers Features

Gets the clock from transit

Can be connected to :
Local
Tandem
Transit
17
TRANSIT EXCHANGE

No provision of POTs

Connection to Transit on one end and Tandem on other


end

Lots of PRI links

18
TANDEM-TRANSIT EXCHANGE

Serves same as local tandem

No provision of POTS

Connected both ends to Transit

Gets the clock from international gateway

19
INTERNATIONAL GATEWAY EXCHANGE

No provision of POTS

Connected to Transit on one end and International

Gateway on other end

Source of Clock

20
CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHES
Class 1 exchanges are international gateways - handing off and
receiving traffic from outside country or national networks.
Class 2 exchanges are tandem exchanges which interconnected
whole regions of the national network.
Class 3 exchanges are tandem exchanges connecting major
population centers within particular region of the national
network.
Class 4 exchanges are tandem exchanges connecting the various
areas of a city or towns in a region.
Class 5 exchanges are the exchanges to which end-users
telephone lines would connect.

21
TRANSMISSION MEDIA

In traditional analogue telephone systems the telephone is


connected to the local exchange via Cat 3 UTP cables
This connection is called local loop. It is typically between
1Km and 10 Km in length.
Higher up in the hierarchy, higher bandwidth cables are
used to carry multiple telephone calls. Specifically digital
lines on fiber is used
Analogue systems used a technique called Frequency
Division multiplexing (FDM) is used to
do so

23
SIGNALING
In telephony context ,signaling means the passing of info
and instructions from one point to another relevant to
setting up and supervision of a telephone call
By Tradition signaling has been divided into two types
Subscriber Signaling
Trunk signaling

23
SIGNALING

The trunk Signaling has further been divided into


Channel Associated signaling
Common Channel Signaling
Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) i.e. Signaling in the
speech channel (in-band )
Common Channel Signaling (CCS) i.e signaling in a channel
that is totally separated from the speech channels and where
the signaling channel is common for a large number of speech
channels

24
TERMINOLOGIES
 British System  North American System
 Local/Access Network  Customer’s loop
 Exchange  Central office

 Local Exchange  end office

 Junction  Inter-office trunk

 Trunk  Junctor

 Trunk Exchange  Toll office

 Trunk network  Trunk network

25
STANDARDS

 ITU-T ( former Consultative committee of telephone and


telegraph) : It studies technical questions, operating
methods, tariffs and data communications.
ITU-R ( former Consultative committee of international
radio communication) : p2p communications, mobile
services and broadcasting

26
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
 Physical layer : defines interface of connections, voltage
level and data rate (connectors, signal form, modulation)
Link layer : error detection and correction (point to point
communication)
Network layer : establish connection b/w nodes (End to
end connectivity)
Transport layer : establish connection b/w hops (End to
end reliable transfer and flow control)
Session layer : setting up and maintaining a session
(begin, end, suspend sessions, integrate connections)
Presentation layer : concerned with the format of the data
(Represent information, compression, encryption)
Application layer : defines nature of the task to be
performed. For example e-mail, word processing. (service
to the end users
27
SUMMARY

Local loop connects


subscriber to the local
exchange
Trunk connects different
exchanges
In PSTN Local loop is analogue and trunk is digital
employing digital multiplexing techniques e.g. TDM and
WDM
SS7 is a common channel signaling protocol
28
RECOMMENDED READING
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Telecommunications Switching, Traffic and networks
by J.E Flood

28

You might also like