RDBMS – Day 3

Copyright(C) 2014 INTI Education Group. All rights reserved.

 Recap

• Normalization
– 1NF
– 2NF
– 3NF
• Merits and Demerits of Normalization
• Introduction to SQL
• DDL Statements
• Relational Operators
• DML Statements
• Group By and Having clause
• Joins

2
 Session Plan

• Independent Subqueries
• Correlated Query
• Exists and Not Exists
• Views
• DCL Statements
• Grant
• Revoke

3
Independent subqueries

Copyright(C) 2014 INTI Education Group. All rights reserved.

Independent sub-queries

• Inner query is independent of outer query.

• Inner query is executed first and the results are stored.

• Outer query then runs on the stored results.

5
Retrieval using SUB QUERIES

To list the Cust_ID and Loan_No for all Customers who have taken a loan of
amount greater than the loan amount of Customer (Cust_ID = 104).

SELECT cust_ID, Loan_no

FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE amount_in_dollars >
(SELECT amount_in_dollars
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE Cust_ID = 104);

Customer Data

6
Sub Query (Contd…)

7
Retrieval using SUB QUERIES

List customer names of all customers who have taken a loan > $3000.00.

SELECT Cust_Last_Name, Cust_Mid_Name, Cust_First_Name

FROM Customer_Details
WHERE Cust_ID
IN
( SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE Amount_in_Dollars > 3000.00);

Customer Data

8
Retrieval using SUB QUERIES

List customer names of all customers who have the same Account_type as
Customer ‘Jones Simon’ .

SELECT Cust_Last_Name, Cust_Mid_Name, Cust_First_Name

FROM Customer_Account_Details
WHERE Account_Type
=
( SELECT Account_Type
FROM Customer_Details
WHERE Cust_Last_Name = ‘Jones’
AND Cust_First_Name = ‘Simon’);

Customer Data

9
Retrieval using SUB QUERIES

List customer names of all customers who do not have a Fixed Deposit.

SELECT Cust_Last_Name, Cust_Mid_Name, Cust_First_Name

FROM Customer_Account_Details
WHERE Cust_ID
NOT IN
( SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit);

Customer Data

10
Retrieval using SUB QUERIES

List customer names of all customers who have either a Fixed Deposit or a
loan but not both at any of Bank Branches. The list includes customers
who have no fixed deposit and loan at any of the bank branches.
SELECT Cust_Last_Name, Cust_Mid_Name, Cust_First_Name
FROM Customer_Details
WHERE Cust_ID
NOT IN
( SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE Cust_ID
IN
(SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit ));

11
Correlated subqueries

Copyright(C) 2014 INTI Education Group. All rights reserved.

Correlated Sub Queries

• You can refer to the table in the FROM clause of the outer query in
the inner query using Correlated sub-queries.

• The inner query is executed separately for each row of the outer
query.
(i.e. In Co-Related Sub-queries, SQL performs a sub-query over
and over again – once for each row of the main query. )

13
Correlated Sub Queries

To list all Customers IDs who have a fixed deposit of amount less than the
sum of all their loans.

SELECT Cust_Id
FROM Customer_fixed_Deposit
WHERE amount_in_dollars
<
(SELECT sum(amount_in_dollars)
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE Customer_Loan.Cust_Id =
Customer_Fixed_Deposit.Cust_ID);

14
Correlated Sub Queries

List customer details of all customers who have both a Fixed Deposit and a
loan at any of Bank Branches
SELECT Cust_ID,Cust_Last_Name
FROM Customer_Account_Details
WHERE Cust_ID
IN
(SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE Customer_Loan.Cust_ID =
Customer_Account_Details.Cust_ID)

AND Cust_ID IN
(SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit
WHERE Customer_Fixed_Deposit.Cust_ID=Customer_
15
Account_Details.Cust_ID);
EXISTS Vs NOT EXISTS

Copyright(C) 2014 INTI Education Group. All rights reserved.

Retrieval using EXISTS

List all Customers who have at least one Fixed Deposit more than $3000.00.

SELECT Cust_ID, Cust_Last_Name, Cust_Mid_Name,

Cust_First_Name
FROM Customer_Accounts_Details S
WHERE
EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit O
WHERE O.Amount_in_Dollars > 3000.00
AND O.Cust_ID = S.Cust_ID);

17
Retrieval using EXISTS

List all Cust_ID who have both a Fixed Deposit and a Loan at the Bank

SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE Customer_Loan.Cust_ID =
Customer_Fixed_Deposit.Cust_ID);

18
Retrieval using NOT EXISTS

List all Customers who don’t have a single Fixed Deposit over $3000.00.

SELECT Cust_ID, Cust_Last_Name, Cust_Mid_Name,

Cust_First_Name
FROM Customer_Account_Details S
WHERE
NOT EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit O
WHERE O.Amount_in_Dollars > 3000.00
AND O.Cust_ID = S.Cust_ID);

19
Views

Copyright(C) 2014 INTI Education Group. All rights reserved.

What is a view to the DBMS

• We can use views in select statements like

• Select * from view_employees where age > 23;
• DBMS translates the request to an equivalent request to the source table

21
Create a view

CREATE VIEW view-name (column-name1, column-name2, ---------------- ) AS query

CREATE VIEW ViewCustomerDetails

AS SELECT *
FROM Customer_Details;

22
Assigning names to columns

CREATE VIEW vwCustDetails (CustCode,CustLname,CustFName)

AS SELECT Cust_Id,Cust_Last_Name,Cust_First_Name
FROM Customer_details;

23
 A view can be modified by the DML command.
Updating a VIEW

CREATE VIEW View_Cust

AS SELECT *
FROM Customer_Details
WHERE CUST_ID IN (101,102,103);
--Insert Statement
INSERT INTO view_cust
VALUES (103,'Langer','G.','Justin',3421,'Savings','
Global Commerce Bank','[email protected]');

--Delete Statement
DELETE view_cust WHERE cust_id = 103;

--Update Statament
UPDATE view_cust
SET Cust_last_name = 'Smyth'
WHERE cust_id = 101;
Demos\Views.doc 24
Updating View

A view can be updated if the query that defines the view meets all of
these restrictions:

• DISTINCT must not be specified; that is, duplicate rows must not be
eliminated from the query results

• The FROM clause must specify only one updateable table; the view
must have a single underlying source table

• The SELECT list cannot contain expressions, calculated columns, or

column functions

• The WHERE clause must not include a sub query; only simple row-by-
row search conditions may appear

25
Dropping Views

Views are dropped similar to the way in which the tables are dropped.
However, you must own a view in order to drop it.

DROP VIEW <view name>;

DROP VIEW View_Cust;

26
Checking View Updates :– Check Option

CREATE VIEW view_customer AS

SELECT Cust_ID, Cust_Last_Name, Account_No, Account_Type, Bank_Branch

FROM Customer_Details

WHERE Bank_Branch = ‘Downtown’ ;

INSERT INTO view_customer

VALUES (115, ’Costner’, 107, ‘Savings’, ‘Bridgewater’);

Will it prevent insertion into Customer_details ?

27
Checking View Updates :– Check Option

SELECT Cust_ID, Cust_Last_Name, Bank_Branch

FROM view_customer;

Solution is :

CREATE VIEW view_customer AS

SELECT Cust_ID, Cust_Last_Name, Account_No, Account_Type, Bank_Branch

FROM Customer_Details

WHERE Bank_Branch = ‘Downtown’

With CHECK OPTION;

28
Advantages of views

• Security

• Query simplicity

• Structural simplicity

29
Disadvantages of views

• Performance

• Restrictions

30
Data Control Language (DCL)

Copyright(C) 2014 INTI Education Group. All rights reserved.

GRANT …. Tables or views

GRANT {
[ALTER[, ]]
[DELETE[, ]]
[INDEX[, ]]
[INSERT[, ]]
[SELECT[, ]]
[UPDATE [(column-name[,...])][, ]]
| ALL [PRIVILEGES]] }
ON [TABLE] {table-name[,...] | view-
name[,...]}
TO [AuthID][,...]
[WITH GRANT OPTION]

32
GRANT

GRANT SELECT, INSERT

ON Customer_Details
TO Edwin ;

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES

ON Customer_Loan
TO JACK ;

GRANT ALL
ON Customer_Loan
TO PUBLIC ;

33
Grant

• With Grant Option

GRANT SELECT
EDWIN 1. WITH GRANT OPTION
ON Customer_Loan
TO EDWIN
WITH GRANT OPTION;

2. GRANT
JACK

BORIS

34
Taking PRIVILIGES away

The syntax of REVOKE command is patterned after GRANT, but with a

reverse meaning.

REVOKE{
[ALTER[, ]]
[DELETE[, ]]
[INDEX[, ]]
[INSERT[, ]]
[SELECT[, ]]
[UPDATE [(column-name[,...])][, ]]
| ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
ON [TABLE] {table-name[,...] | view-name [,...]}
FROM AuthID[,...]

35
Revoke

REVOKE SELECT, INSERT

ON Customer_Details
FROM Edwin ;

REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES

ON Customer_Loan
FROM JACK ;

REVOKE ALL
ON Customer_Loan
FROM PUBLIC ;

36
Revoke

1. WITH GRANT OPTION

EDWIN

3. REVOKE

2. GRANT

JACK

BORIS

37
Summary

• When the query consists of more than one component, it is

implemented in the form of a nested query depending on the nature of
the query
• Sub queries help split a problem involving different levels of data
• Views create a window into the table thereby allowing restricted access

• Index helps speed up the search process

38
Appendix - SQL Functions

Copyright(C) 2014 INTI Education Group. All rights reserved.

DUAL - The Dummy table

• Automatically created table, which is part of the data dictionary

• Contains one row and one column(varchar2(1): value = ‘X’)
• Can be used to return constants once, with a SELECT statement
• Belongs to SYS schema, accessible to all

Example:
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

40
SQL Functions - Decode

Decode

– DECODE ( expr , search , result [, search , result]... [, default] )

– A DECODE function compares expr to each search value one by one. If expr
is equal to a search, Oracle returns the corresponding result. If no match is
found, Oracle returns default, or, if default is omitted, returns null.

– This example decodes the value warehouse_id. If warehouse_id is 1, the

function returns 'Southlake'; if warehouse_id is 2, it returns 'San Francisco';
etc. If warehouse_id is not 1, 2, 3, or 4, the function returns 'Non-domestic'.

SELECT product_id, DECODE (warehouse_id, 1, 'Southlake',

2, 'San Francisco', 3, 'New Jersey', 4, 'Seattle', 'Non-
domestic') quantity_on_hand FROM inventories;

41
SQL Functions - Trim

Trim

Syntax:

TRIM ({Leading/Trainiling/Both} trim_character FROM trim_source)

TRIM enables you to trim leading or trailing characters (or both) from a
character string. If trim_character or trim_source is a character literal, you
must enclose it in single quotes.

SELECT TRIM (0 FROM 0009872348900) "TRIM Example" FROM

DUAL;

42
SQL Functions - Substr

Substr

Syntax:

SUBSTR (string, position, substring_length)

– The substring functions return a portion of string, beginning at character

position, substring_length characters long. SUBSTR calculates lengths using
characters as defined by the input character set. SUBSTRB uses bytes
instead of characters.

SELECT SUBSTR('ABCDEFG',3,4) "Substring" FROM DUAL;

43
SQL Functions - TRANSLATE

TRANSLATE

– TRANSLATE ( 'char' , 'from_string' , 'to_string' )

– TRANSLATE returns char with all occurrences of each character in

from_string replaced by its corresponding character in to_string. Characters
in char that are not in from_string are not replaced.

– The following statement translates a license number. All letters 'ABC...Z' are
translated to 'X' and all digits '012 . . . 9' are translated to '9':

SELECT TRANSLATE('2KRW229',
'0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ',
'9999999999XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX') "License"
FROM DUAL;

44
SQL Functions – TO_CHAR

TO_CHAR

– TO_CHAR ( date , fmt )

– TO_CHAR converts date of DATE to a value of VARCHAR2 datatype in the

format specified by the date format fmt.

SELECT TO_CHAR(ts_col, 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')

FROM my_tab;

45
SQL Functions – TO_DATE

TO_DATE

– To_date( char , fmt )

– TO_DATE converts char in the format specified to a value of DATE datatype

SELECT TO_DATE ('14/05/2007','dd/mm/yyyy') FROM DUAL;

46
SQL Functions - NVL

NVL

– NVL ( expr1 , expr2 )

– If expr1 is null, NVL returns expr2. If expr1 is not null, NVL returns expr1.

– The following example returns a list of employee names and commissions,

substituting "Not Applicable" if the employee receives no commission:

SELECT last_name,
NVL(TO_CHAR(commission_pct), 'Not Applicable')
"COMMISSION"
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE 'B%';

47
Pseudocolumns

• Behaves like a table column

• Not stored in table
• Cannot change value of pseudocolumn

48
Pseudocolumns

• ROWID
• ROWNUM

49
Examples

• SELECT ROWID, ENAME FROM EMP;

• SELECT ROWNUM, ENAME FROM EMP ORDER BY ename;

50
Thank You

Copyright(C) 2014 INTI Education Group. All rights reserved.