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Speed Control of Induction Motor

The document discusses speed control methods for three phase induction motors. It describes that induction motors normally operate at constant speed but speed control is needed in industrial applications for processes that require variable speeds. The main methods covered are stator voltage control, stator frequency (V/F) control, pole changing, static rotor resistance control, and slip energy recovery. Speed control allows for energy savings and flexibility to meet different load and process requirements. Industrial applications that commonly use variable speed induction motors include fans, pumps, compressors, machine tools, and conveyor belts.

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rajasekaran
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359 views26 pages

Speed Control of Induction Motor

The document discusses speed control methods for three phase induction motors. It describes that induction motors normally operate at constant speed but speed control is needed in industrial applications for processes that require variable speeds. The main methods covered are stator voltage control, stator frequency (V/F) control, pole changing, static rotor resistance control, and slip energy recovery. Speed control allows for energy savings and flexibility to meet different load and process requirements. Industrial applications that commonly use variable speed induction motors include fans, pumps, compressors, machine tools, and conveyor belts.

Uploaded by

rajasekaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Speed control of three phase induction motor

Prepared by:
P.RAJASEKARAN
AP/EEE

1
Agend
a
 Introduction
 Requirement of Speed control
 Types of Methods to control the speed of Induction motor

2
 A three phase induction motor is basically a
constant speed motor .
 It is widely used in industry due to low cost
and rugged construction .
 The speed control of induction motor is done at the
cost of decrease in efficiency and low electrical
power factor.

3
 Speed control means change the drive speed as
desired by the process to maintain different process
parameter at different load .
 Energy Saving.
 Speed control is a different concept from speed
regulation where there is natural change in speed
due change in load on the shaft.
 Speed control is either done manually by the operator
or by means of some automatic control device.
 Low speed starting requirement.

4
Methods of Speed Control of Induction
 motors
Stator voltage Control
 Stator Frequency Control (v/f method)
 Pole changing
 Static rotor resistance control
 Slip Energy Recovery

5
 Synchronous speed Ns = 120 f
P
 Slip = Ns-N
Ns

 Torque
=

 Where E2 is the rotor emf


 Ns is the synchronous speed
 R2 is the rotor resistance
 X2 is the rotor inductive reactance

7
 Rotor resistance R2 is constant and if slip s is small then sX2 is so
small that it can be neglected. Therefore, T ∝ sE22 where E2 is rotor
induced emf and E2 ∝ V
And hence T ∝ V2, thus if supplied voltage is decreased, torque
decreases and hence the speed decreases.
 This method is the easiest and cheapest, still rarely used
because-
 A large change in supply voltage is required for relatively
small change in speed.
 Large change in supply voltage will result in large change in
flux
density, hence disturbing the magnetic conditions of the motor.

8
Variable Terminal Voltage
Control

m
TL
V decreasing
ms

T
10

 Synchronous speed of induction motor Ns = 120 f


P

 where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number


of stator poles.
 Thus, synchronous speed changes with change in supply
frequency, and thus running speed also changes.
 This method is not widely used. This method is used where, only
the induction motor is supplied by a generator (so that frequency
can be easily change by changing the speed of prime mover).
V/F method
 In three phase induction motor emf is induced by induction similar to that of
transformer which is given by
V or E=4.44fɸKTf
 Where, K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per
phase and f is frequency.
 Now if we change frequency synchronous speed changes but
with decrease in frequency flux will increase and this change in
value of flux causes saturation of rotor and stator cores which
will further cause increase in no load current of the motor .
 So, its important to maintain flux , φ constant and it is only
possible if we change voltage. i.e
 if we decrease frequency flux increases but at the same time if
we decrease voltage flux will also decease causing no change in
flux and hence it remains constant.
 So, here keeping the ratio of V/f as constant.
12

 By changing the frequency we can control the speed above and


below
the rated speed.
 It offers high range of speed control.
Pole Changing Method
 Pole Changing Method is one of the main methods of the
speed control of an induction motor.
 This method of controlling the speed by pole changing is used
mainly for cage motor only because the cage rotor
automatically develops a number of poles, which is equal to the
poles of the stator winding.
 The number of stator poles can be changed by the following
three methods. They are known as multiple stator windings,
method of consequent poles and pole amplitude
modulation (PAM).
Multiple Stator
Winding
In the multiple stator winding method, two windings are
provided on the stator which are wound on the two different
numbers of pole.
 One winding is energized one at a time. Let us consider that
the motor has two windings for 6 and 4 poles.
 For the frequency of 50 hertz, the synchronous speeds will be
1000 and 1500 revolutions per minute respectively.
 This method of speed control is less efficient and more
costly.
Method of Consequent
Pole
In the method of consequent poles, a single stator winding is

divided into few coil groups.
 The terminals of all these groups are brought out. By simply
changing the coil connections, the number of poles can be
changed.
 In practice, the stator windings are divided only in two coil
groups. The number of poles can be changed in the ratio of 2:1.
 The figure below shows the single phase of a stator winding
which consist of 4 coils. The coils are divided into two groups
named as a-b and c-d.
Group a-b consists of an odd number of coils that is (1, 3) whereas
group c-d consists of an even number of coils (2,4). The two coils
are connected in series. The terminals a, b, c, d are taken out as
shown in the above figure
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• The coils are carrying current in the given directions by connecting coil groups
either in series or in parallel as shown in the figure above.
• There are total four poles which are giving a speed of 1500 rpm for a 50-hertz
system. If the current through the coils of group a-b is reversed as shown in the
figure below. All the coils will produce north (N) poles.
 The flux of the poles group should be passed through
the given space between the pole group to complete
the magnetic path.
 Thus, a magnetic pole of opposite polarity (S pole) is
induced. These induced poles are known as
Consequent Poles.
 Thus, the machine has twice as many poles as before
(i.e., 8 poles), and the synchronous speed becomes half
of the previous speed (i.e., 750 rpm).
 The above principle can be extended to all the three
phases of an induction motor.
 By choosing a combination of series and parallel
connections between the coil groups of each phase.
Also, the star or delta connections between the phase
speed change can be obtained with constant torque
and constant power operation or variable torque
operation.
20

A slip ring motor or a phase wound motor is an


induction motor which can be started with full line
voltage, applied across its stator terminals. The value
of starting current is adjusted by adding up external
resistance to its rotor circuit.
21
Slip Energy Recovery of an
Induction Motor
 Slip Energy Recovery is one of the methods of controlling the
speed of an Induction motor. This method is also known as
Static Scherbius Drive.
 In the rotor resistance control method, the slip power in the
rotor circuit is wasted as I2R losses during the low-speed
operation. The efficiency is also reduced.
 The slip power from the rotor circuit can be recovered and fed
back to the AC source so as to utilize it outside the motor.
 Thus, the overall efficiency of the drive system can be
increased.
 The basic principle of the slip power recovery is to
connect an external source of the EMF of the slip frequency
of the rotor circuit.
 The slip energy recovery method provides the speed control
of a slip ring induction motor below its synchronous
speed.
 A portion of rotor AC power (slip power) is converted into
DC by a diode bridge.
 The smoothing reactor is provided to smoothen the
rectified current. The output of the rectifier is then
connected to the DC terminals of the inverter.
 The inverter inverts the DC power to the AC power and
feeds it back to the AC source.
 The inverter is a controlled rectifier operated in the
inversion mode.
 This method of speed control is used in large power
applications where the variation of speed over a wide range
involves a large amount of slip power.
Industrial 25

applications
 Induction motors with squirrel cage rotors are the workhorse of
industry .
 When Squirrel cage induction machine is operated directly from the
line voltages an Induction motor is operated at constant speed.
However in the industry we required to vary the speed of an
Induction motor. This can be done by Induction motor drive.
 Fans, Compressor, Pumps, blowers, machine tools like lathe, drilling
machine, lifts, conveyer belts etc.
26

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