Operating System

CAT 202

Prepared By:
Ms. Shivani Jaswal
Assistant Professor
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 Syllabus
Unit I
Basics of Operating Systems: Definition, Generations of operating systems,
Types of Operating Systems: Mainframe, Desktop, Multiprocessor, Distributed,
Clustered, Multiprogramming, Real time, Embedded and Time sharing.
Fundamentals of Operating System: Multitasking, Multiprogramming,
Timesharing, Buffering, Spooling
Operating System Components:  Process Management Component , Memory
Management component, I/O Management component , File Management
component, Protection System, Networking management component,
Command interpreter.

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 Syllabus
UNIT- II

Process Scheduling:  Definition , Scheduling objectives, Types of Schedulers,

Scheduling criteria , CPU utilization, Throughput, Turnaround Time, Waiting Time,
Response Time Scheduling Algorithms: Preemptive and Non – preemptive, FCFS,
SJF, RR, Multiprocessor scheduling, Types, Performance evaluation of the
scheduling.
Interprocess Communication and Synchronization: Definition, Shared Memory
System, Message passing, Critical section, Mutual Exclusion, Semaphores.

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 Syllabus
 
Unit-III
 
Overview of Unix/Linux, Unix / Linux Startup, User accounts, Logging in and out,
Shutting out, Dual Booting, Command line, Getting Help using man and info pages,
creating files, Unix / Linux file and directory structure, Browsing the file system,
Mail, Unix / Linux Commands, Using Linux GUI- KDE and Gnome, Processes in
Unix / Linux, Bash Shell introduction, Command line shortcuts, Standard I/O,
Redirecting I/O and errors, using pipes, Using vi-editor.
Shell Programming.

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 Types of Operating System
Main Frame

Desktop Operating System

Multiprocessor

Distributed Operating System

Clustered Operating System

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 Types of Operating System

Real time Operating System

Time Sharing operating System

Multiprogramming operating System

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 Types of Operating System
Mainframe Systems:
• Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
• Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control from
one job to another.

• Resident monitor
initial control in monitor
control transfers to job
when job completes control transfers pack to monitor

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 Multiprogrammed System

In multiprogramming system, when one program is waiting for I/O

transfer; there is another program ready to utilize the CPU.

So it is possible for several jobs to share the time of the CPU.

But it is important to note that multiprogramming is not defined to be

the execution of jobs at the same instance of time.

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Multiprogrammed System contd…

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 Multiprogrammed System contd…

As shown in fig, at the particular situation, job' A' is not utilizing the
CPU time because it is busy in I/ 0 operations.
Hence the CPU becomes busy to execute the job 'B'.

Another job C is waiting for the CPU for getting its execution
time. So in this state the CPU will never be idle and utilizes
maximum of its time.
A program in execution is called a "Process", "Job" or a "Task".

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 Multiprogrammed System contd…

• OS keeps the several jobs in memory. This set of jobs can be subset
of jobs kept in job pool- which contain all the jobs that enter the
system.

• OS picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in memory.

•Jobs may have to wait for some task, such as I/O operation to
complete.

•In Multiprogrammed system, OS simply switches and executes

another job.

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 Multiprogrammed System contd…

•The concurrent execution of programs improves the utilization of

system resources and enhances the system throughput as compared to
batch and serial processing.

•In this system, when a process requests some I/O to allocate;

meanwhile the CPU time is assigned to another ready process.

•So, here when a process is switched to an I/O operation, the CPU is

never idle.

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 Multiprogrammed System contd…
• Multiprogramming systems provide an environment in which
various system resources (for example CPU, memory, and peripheral
devices) are utilized effectively, but they do not provide user
interaction with the computer system.

• Time Sharing (Multitasking) is the logical extension of

multiprogramming.

• In time sharing systems, the CPU executes multiple jobs by switching

among them, but the switches occur so frequently that the users can
interact with each program while it is running.

• Time sharing requires an interaction computer system which provides

direct communication between user and the system. 13
 Terms used in Multiprogrammed System
Process: A program in execution is known as job or task or process.

Job Scheduling: Job pool consists of all processes residing on disk

awaiting allocation of main memory and if there is not enough room
for all of them, then system choose among them. This is known as job
scheduling.

CPU Scheduling: If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, by
the processor, this decision is known as CPU scheduling.

Swapping: In time-sharing system the Operating system must ensure

reasonable response time, which is sometimes accomplished through
swapping, where processes are swapped in and out of the main
memory. 14
 (Multiprocessing) Parallel System
• Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in close communication.

• Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock; peripheral

devices communication usually takes place through the shared memory.

• Advantages of parallel system:

1. Increased throughput, i :e more work done in less time.
2. Economical, because they share peripheral devices and power supplies.
3. Increased reliability, if any one processor fails, system will not halt
only processing will slow down.

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 (Multiprocessing) Parallel System
• Multiprocessor Operating System refers to the use of two or more central
processing units (CPU) within a single computer system.

•These types of systems are used when very high speed is required to process a large
volume of data.

•These systems are generally used in environment like satellite control, weather
forecasting etc.

• LINUX is one of the most widely used multiprocessing systems, but there are many
others, including OS/2 for high-end PCs.

•Multiprocessing systems are much more complicated than single-process systems

because the operating system must allocate resources to competing processes in a
reasonable manner. 16
(Multiprocessing) Parallel System

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 Multiprocessing (Parallel) System contd…
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
• Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system.

• Many processes can run at once without performance deterioration.

• Most modern operating systems support SMP

Asymmetric multiprocessing
• Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor controls the
system and other processors either look for the instruction from master
processor or have their predefined tasks.
• More common in extremely large systems

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 Symmetric Processing Architecture

CPU 1 CPU 2

CPU 3 CPU 4

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 Asymmetric Processing Architecture

CPU
1(master)

CPU 3 (slave) CPU 4 (slave) CPU 2 (slave)

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 Advantages of Multiprocessing System
Improved Reliability: Multiprocessing have better reliability than single-
processor because of the presence of multiple processors. If one of the
processors break down, the other processor(s) automatically takes over the
system workload until repairs are made.

Improved throughput: throughput is the number of jobs executed per unit

time. With the use of multiple processors, parallel processing of segments of
program is possible Consequently, the throughput and performance system is
improved.

Lowered turnaround time: When a job is divided among the multiple

processor the computation of result takes less time. As a result, the turnaround
time is less
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 Advantages of Multiprocessing System
Efficient utilization of all resources: In addition to the processors, it also
facilitates more efficient utilization of all the other devices of the computer
system.

Economical: The clock, bus, peripheral devices and memory are shared. As a
result, it is cheaper to have multiprocessor systems than multiple single
processor systems.

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 Disadvantages of Multiprocessing System
1. A very sophisticated operating system is required to schedule, balance and
coordinate the input, output and processing activities of multiple CPUs.

2. A large memory is required for accommodating the sophisticated operating

system along with several user programs.

3. Such systems are very expensive. In addition to the high charges paid
initially, the regualr operation and maintenance of these system is also a
costly affair.

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 Desktop System
 Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a single user.

I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers.

User convenience and responsiveness.

Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system’ often

individuals have sole use of computer and do not need advanced CPU
utilization of protection features.

May run several different types of operating systems (Windows, Mac OS,
UNIX, Linux)
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 Distributed System
• Distribute the computation among several physical processors.

• Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local memory;
processors communicate with one another through various communications
lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines.

• Advantages of distributed systems.

 Resources Sharing
 Computation speed up – load sharing
 Reliability
 Communications

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 Distributed System contd…
• It is a collection of physically separate, possibly heterogeneous computer
system that are networked to provide the use3rs to various resources that the
system maintains.

• A network is a communication path between two or more systems. It

generally uses TCP/IP.

• It includes three to four types of network

• LAN- It communicates within a floor, room or a building.
• WAN- It usually kinks a building.
• MAN- it links up various buildings within a city.
• SAN- It covers very less area i.e a small room. Used in bluetooth
technology.
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 Distributed System contd.
• Requires networking infrastructure.

• May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems.

• It requires media to carry networks are equally varied.

• It includes copper wires, fibre strands, wireless transmission between

satellites, microwave dishes and radios.

• When computers communicate, they create a network.

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 Distributed System contd.
It has two types:
Client server model
Peer to peer model

Client server model: in this, the client server model, the client send a resource
request to the server and the server in turn provides the requested resources as
the response back to the client.

Peer to peer model: In this model, all the computers behave as clients. These
clients communicate with each other for exchange of their resources.

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 Client -server contd.

Client 1

Server Network

Client 2 Client 3

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 Peer to Peer contd.

Client Client

Network

Client Client Client

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 Advantages of distributed System
• Resource Sharing: If number of different sites care connected to one another, thena
user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another site.

• Computation speed: A distributed system allows us to divide a computational work

into sub-computations and distribute among the various sites.

• Load sharing: In distributed system, if a particular site is overloaded with some

jobs a job can be moved from one site to another. Hence, load of one site can be
shared by another site.

• Reliability: If one fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can continue
operating, giving them better reliability.

• Communication: Users can communicate easily by using network.

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 Clustered System
• Like multiprocessing systems, clustered systems gather together multiple
CPUs to accomplish computational work.

• In this, two or more individual systems are coupled together.

• Clustered computers share storage and are closely linked via local are
network (LAN) or a faster interconnect.

• Clustering is usually used to provide high availability service, that is, service
will continue even if one or more systems in the cluster fail.

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 Clustered System contd….
• A layer of cluster software runs on the cluster nodes.

• Each node can monitor one or more of the others.

• If the monitored machine fails, the monitoring mach can take ownership of its
storage and restart the applications that were running on the failed machine.
• The users and clients of the applications see only a brief interruption of
service.

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 Clustered System contd….
• It can be structure in two types:
• Asymmetrically: In this, one machine is in hot-standby mode. The hot
standby machine does nothing but monitor the active server. If the server
fails, the hot standby host becomes the active server.

• Symmetrically: In this, two or more hosts are running applications and are
monitoring each other. This mode is obviously more efficient, as it uses all
of the available hardware.

NOTE: To provide shared access to data, the system must also supply
access control and locking to ensure that no conflicting operations occur.
This function is known as distributed lock manager (DLM).
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 Real Time Systems
• Embedded computers are the most prevalent form of computers in existence.

• These devices are found everywhere from car engines and manufacturing
robots to VCRs and microwave ovens.

• Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as controlling

scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems,
and some display systems.

• Well-defined fixed-time constraints

• Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time

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 Real Time Systems
• Embedded systems almost always run real-time operating systems.

• A real time system is used when rigid requirements have been placed on the
operation of a processor or flow of data, thus it is often used as a control device
in a dedicated applications.

• Sensors bring data to the computer, analyze it and possibly adjust controls to
modify the sensor inputs.

• A real time system functions correctly only if it returns the correct result
within its time constraints.

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 Real Time Systems contd…
Hard real-time:

•Guarantees the critical tasks to be completed on time.

•Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-purpose

operating systems.

• It complete the critical tasks within definite intervals of constraints. If the

critical task is not complete within the time constraint then the hard real system
fails

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 Real Time Systems contd…
Soft real-time
•Less restrictive type of real system.

•Useful in applications (multimedia, advanced scientific projects) requiring

advanced operating-system features.

•These systems are not affected by the lapse of time interval and do not cause
any critical failure.

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 Handheld Systems
• A handheld computer is a computer that can conveniently be stored in a
pocket (of sufficient size) and used while you're holding it.

• Today's handheld computers, which are also called personal digital assistants
(PDAs), can be divided into those that accept handwriting as input and those
with small keyboards.

• The original handheld that accepted handwriting was Apple's Newton, which
was later withdrawn from the market.

• Today, the most popular handheld that accepts handwritten input is the
PalmPilot from 3Com. Philips, Casio, NEC, Compaq, and other companies
make handhelds with small keyboards.
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 Handheld Systems
• Handheld computers are typically used for personal information manager
(PIM) types of applications: maintaining schedules, keeping names and phone
numbers, doing simple calculations, taking notes, and, with a modem,
exchanging e-mail and getting information from the Web.

• Keyboards have tiny keys that take getting used to. Those that handle
handwriting also impose constraints and require some learning.

• Nevertheless, this class of system is widely sold and appreciated by many

users.

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 Handheld Systems
• Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
E:g: Cellular telephones

Issues:

• Limited memory
• Slow processors
• Small display screens.

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 Other Links for this Topic
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106108101/pdf/Lecture_Notes/Mod%201_LN.p
df

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AjReRMoG3Y

Operating system principles, 7th edition by Abraham Silberschatz, Peter

Baer Galvin, Greg Gagne (Chapter 2)

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Thank You

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