TRANSACTIONAL

ANALYSIS
 INTRODUCTION
• The study of human behaviour is very complex and complicated concept.
• It is affected by the psychological factors such as perception, learning, peronality and
motivation.
• In addition to these factors, individual behaviour affects and affected by the behaviour of
others.
• One of the major problems in the study of organisational behaviour is to analyse and
improve, the interpersonal relationships.
• One basic approach to study interpersonal relations in an organisational system is
transactional analysis.
• This analysis deals with understanding, predicting and controlling interpersonal
relationships.

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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jetWN5UxReM
TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYSIS
• It was introduced by Eric Berne.
• Transactional analysis is a technique used to help people better understand
their own and other’s behaviour, especially in interpersonal relationships.
• It is a good method for understanding interpersonal behaviour.
• It offers a model of personality and the dynamics of self and its relationship
to others that makes possible a clear and meaningful discussion of behaviour.
Transactional analysis is primarily
concerned with following:
Analysis of self awareness
Analysis of ego states
Analysis of transactions
Script analysis
Games analysis
Analysis of life positions
stroking
 1. ANALYSIS OF SELF
AWARENESS
• The interpersonal relationships are composed of interself.
• Self is the core of personality pattern which provides integration.
• Self awareness is an important concept, it describes the self in terms of image, both
conscious and unconscious.
• Joseph Luft and Harrington have developed a diagram to look at one’s personality
including behaviours and attitudes that can be known and unknown to self and
known and unknown to others.
• This diagram is known as the JOHARI WINDOW.
• It comprising of 4 parts.
 JOHARI WINDOW
Information known to self Information not known
to self

Informati
on known
OPEN BLIND
to others (known to others and (unknown to self but
also self) known to others)

Informati
on not
known to
HIDDEN UNKNOW
(known to self but
others
unknown to others) N
(unknown to self and
unknown to others)
 2. ANALYSIS OF EGO STATES

• The ego plays an important role in human behaviour.

• People interact with each other in terms of psycological positions or behavioural
patterns known as ego states.
• Ego states are person’s way of thinking, feeling and behaving at any time.
• There are 3 important ego states.
• Ego states: child, adult and parent.
• A person of any age have these ego states in varying degree.
• A healthy person is able to move from one ego state to another.
 THE EGO STATES

PARE ADUL CHILD

NT T

Personality
• 1. parent ego state:
The parent ego state means that the values, attitudes and behaviours of parents
an integral part of the personality of an individual. These people tend to talk to
people and treat others like children. The characteristics of a person with parent
ego state are:
• Judgemental
• Rule maker
• Moralising
• Over protective
• Indispensable
There are two types of parent ego states:
1. Nurturing parent ego: they are sympathetic, protective and nurturing not only
towards children but also to other people in interaction.
2. Critical parent ego: they show critical and evaluative behavior in interaction with
others.
• 2. Adult ego state:
• The adult ego state is authentic, direct, reality based, fact seeking and
problem solving.
• They assume that human beings as equal, worthy and responsible.
• The process of adult ego state formation goes through one’s own
experiences and continuously updating attitudes left over from
childhood.
• People with adult ego state, gather relevant information, carefully
analyse it, generate alternatives and make logical choices.
• 3.Child ego state:
The child ego state is characterized by very immature behaviour.
The important features of child ego state are : creativity, anxiety,
depression, dependence, fear, joy, emotional sentimental etc.
There are several forms of the child ego states are:
1.Natural child. (affectionate, fearful, aggressive and emerged in
various role.)
2.The little professor. (intuitive, creative)
3.The Adaptive child. (train)
 3.ANALYSIS OF
TRANSACTIONS
• A transaction is a basic unit of social interaction.
• The heart of transactional analysis is the study and diagramming of the exchanges
between two persons.
• Thus where a verbal or non verbal stimulus from one person is being responded
by another person a transaction occurs.
• Transactional analysis can help us to determine which ego state is most heavily
influencing our behaviour and the behaviour of the other people with whom we
interact.
• Depending on the ego states of the persons involved in transactions, there
may be three types of transactions:
1.Complementary transactions:
Both people are operating from the same ego state. There can be nine
complementary transactions. They are given below:
Adult-Adult transactions
Adult-Parent transactions
Adult-Child transactions
Parent-Parent transactions
Parent-Adult transactions
Parent-Child transactions
Child-Parent transactions
Child-Adult transactions
Child-Child transactions
2. Crossed transactions:
a crossed transaction is one in which the sender sends message a behaviour on
the basis of his ego state, but this message is reacted to by an unexpected ego
state on the part of the receiver. Crossed communication should be avoided as
far as possible. Whenever such transactions occur, communication tends to be
blocked and a satisfactory transaction is not accomplished.
3.Ulterior transactions:
Two ego states within the same person but one disguises the other one.
 4. SCRIPT
ANALYSIS
• In a layman’s view ,a script is the text of play, motion picture, or a radio or TV
programme.
• In transactional analysis a person’s life is compared to a play and the script is the
text of the play.
• According to Eric Berne,” a script is an ongoing programme, developed in early
childhood under parental influence which directs the individual behaviour in the
most important aspects of his life.
• A script is a complete plan of living, offering prescriptions, permissions and
structure which makes one winner or loser in life.
 5. ANALYSIS OF LIFE POSITIONS
• In the process of growing up people make basic assumptions about their own self
worth as well as about the worth of significant people in their environment.
• The combination of assumptions about self and the other person called as life
position.
• Transactional analysis constructs the following classifications of the four possible
life positions or psychological positions:
• I am OK,, you are OK.
• I am OK, ,you are not OK.
• I am not OK,, you are OK.
• I an not OK,, you are not OK
• I am OK, you are OK:
It appears to be an ideal life position. People with this type of life position have
confidence in themselves as well as trust and confidence in others.
• I am OK, you are not OK:
This is a distrustful psychological positions This is the attitude of those people,
who think that whatever they do is correct.
• :I am not OK, you are OK
This is a common position for those people who feel power less when they
compare themselves to others.
• I am not OK,, you are not OK:
people in this position tend to feel bad about themselves and see the whole
world as miserable. They do not trust others and have no confidence in
themselves.
 6.STROKING

• Stroking is an important aspects of the transactional analysis.

• The term stroke refers to “giving some kind of recognition to others.”
• People need strokes for their sense of survival and well being on the job. Lack of
stroking can have negative consequences both on physiological and
psychological well being of a person.
• There are three types of strokes:
1.Positive strokes:
the stroke one feel good, is a positive stroke. Recognition, approval are
some of the examples.
2. Negative strokes:
a stroke one feel bad or not good is a negative stroke. negative strokes
hurt physically or psychologically.
3.Mixed strokes:
a stroke may be of a mixed type also.
Example :the boss comment to a worker “you did an excellent job inspite
your limited experience.
 7. GAMES
ANALYSIS
• When people fail to get enough strokes at work they try a variety of things.
• One of the most important thing is that they play psychological games.
• A psychological game is a set of transaction with three characteristics:
 The transaction tend to be repeated.
 They make sense on superficial or social level.
 One or more transactions is ulterior.
• Types of games:
* A first degree game is one which is socially
acceptable in the agent’s circle.
* A second degree game is one which is more
intimate end up with bad feelings.
* A third degree game is one which usually involve
physical injury.
 BENEFITS AND
UTILITY OF
TRANSACATIONAL
•
ANALYSIS
Improved interpersonal communication.
• Source of positive energy.
• Understanding ego state.
• motivation.
• Organisational development