ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION

Name: Bradley Burnett

Date: 13/1/20
Class: 6A
 Recall
 We have seen how B is called the
magnetic field strength, or the flux
density, and is measured in Tesla, T.
The magnetic flux density can be
thought of as the concentration of field
lines. We can increase the force by
increasing any of the terms within the
equation.
 F = BIL sinθ
 If we coil up the wire, we increase its
length within the magnetic field.
What is Electromagnetic
Induction?
 This is the process by which electric
currents or emfs are induced in a
conductor due to a changing magnetic
field.
Magnetic Flux (φ)

 The magnetic flux is the total number of

magnetic field lines that passes through a
particular area of a particular conductor.
 Φm= AB= ABcos θ
 A= Area of conductor (m2)
 B= Magnetic field strength(T)
 θ = angle between the normal of the plane of A
and the Magnetic field, B
 Φm is Max for θ = 00
 Φm is Min for θ = 900
 Magnetic flux

Ф = BA Ф = BA cos
θ
For N turns Ф =BA cos θ
Rotating coil in field
Changing area in Magnetic
field
To change the magnetic
flux

How could the magnetic flux be

increased?
Summary on Magnetic flux
 There are three ways in which we can
change the magnetic flux passing
through a conductor
 i) changing the magnetic field, B
 ii) changing the area, A
 iii) changing the angle Θ between THE
NORMAL TO THE PLANE OF THE
CONDUCTOR and the magnetic field, B.
Magnetic flux & Flux density
Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic Flux, φm (Wb) (Field Strength), B (Tesla)

 This represents  This is the

the total number concentration of
of field lines that field lines (flux
penetrate the density) in a
surface area, A . region,
 1Wb= 1Tm2 1 Wb/m2 =
1Tesla(T)
The Weber
 Symbol: Wb
 The unit of magnetic flux is called the
‘Weber’
 1Wb= 1Tm2
Magnetic Flux eg. 1

 A square loop of wire 10.0 cm on a side

is in a 1.25T magnetic field B. What are
the maximum and minimum values of
flux that can pass through the loop?
 Ans: Max flux: Ф = 1.25 x (0.1 x 0.1)
 Ф = 1.25 x 10-2 Wb
 Min flux: Ф = 0Wb
Eg 2.
 A square loop of wire encloses area A1 as
shown below. A uniform magnetic field B
perpendicular to the loop extends over
the area A2. What is the magnetic flux
through the loop A1? Ans: Ф = BA
2
Magnetic flux linkage

Remember that flux density is the

number of field line per unit area, not
unit volume!
The flux linkage is the flux multiplied
by the number of turns of wire. If each
turn cuts (or links) flux Φ, the total flux
linkage for N turns must be NΦ. We can
also write this as NBA. In other words:
Flux linkage = number of turns of wire
x magnetic field strength x area. The
units are ‘weber turns’(Wb turns)
Faraday’s Law

 The magnitude of the induced e.m.f between the ends

of a wire(or coil) is directly proportional to the rate at
which it (the conductor) cuts the magnetic lines of force
 Faraday’s formula: є = - N∆фm / ∆ t = - N( φf - φi )/ ∆ t
 (-) sign indicates that the direction of induced emf is
opposite to that of the rate of change of the magnetic
flux. {Lenz’s law}
 Where N= # of turns
 ∆t= change in time (s)
 φf -φi = change in flux (Wb)
 ONLY a changing magnetic field can induce a current.
Faraday’s setup to induce
an emf
Induced current
Faraday’s Law cont..
Em Induction Eg.
 A flat coil of wire consists of 500 circular loops
of radius 2.0cm. It is placed between the poles
of a large electromagnet so that the plane of
the coil is perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field of 0.15T.
 a) calculate the magnetic flux (1.89 x 10-4Wb)
 b) if the electromagnet is turned off and it
takes 0.2s for the field to go down to zero,
what would be the induced emf in the coil of
wire? (0.4725V)
Induced Emf Example:
 A circular loop of area 5m2 rotates
through a magnetic field of 50T. In
0.4sec, the axis of the loop changes
from being perpendicular to the
magnetic field to being parallel to the
magnetic field B. Determine the induced
emf in the loop.
 Ans: ε = 625V
Emf in a moving conductor

Flux Ф= AB
Change in flux Δф= ∆A x B
From diagram
Therefore ΔA= L ∆x
ε = Δф/Δt = (L ∆x * B) / ∆t ;
But Sir!! ∆x /∆t = v
ε = BLv
Lenz’s Law

 The direction of the induced emf or

current is such that its magnetic field
opposes the original change in flux.
 OR (In other words)- the direction of the
induced current flows always in such a
direction as to oppose the change
causing it (external magnetic field).
Rules for applying Lenz’s law

 1) Determine whether the magnetic flux inside the

loop is decreasing, increasing or unchanged
 2) The magnetic field due to the induced current:

a) points in the same direction as the external field

if the flux is decreasing
b) points in the opposite direction as the external
field if the flux is increasing
c) is zero if the flux is not changing
 3) find the direction of the induced magnetic field

and hence find the direction of the induced current

Lenz’s Law cont….

As viewed from above is the current

in the ring clockwise, or counter-
clockwise?
Ans: counter-clockwise
Lenz’s Law as Conservation of
Energy

 This is the conversion of mechanical

energy to electrical energy, thereby
inducing a current in the conductor.
Lenz’s Law Example

 A circular loop rests in a magnetic field

as shown. The left and right sides of the
field are pulled outwardly causing the
area of the loop to decrease. Determine
the direction of the induced current
Practice 1
 If a magnetic flux through a coil of 100
turns changes from +5.0Wb to -10.0Wb
in a time of 0.05s. What is the e.m.f
induced in the coil?
 Ans: ε = 30,000V
Practice Ques. 2
 A circular coil is made of 10.0 turns and
has a radius of10.0cm. The coil lies in a
1.00T- magnetic field that points into the
page. The coil is flattened by pulling the
sides in 0.200s so that the flux is now
zero. The coil’s resistance is 10.0Ω. What
is the magnitude and direction of the
induced current?
 I = 0.157A in the clockwise direction
Practice Question 3
 A circular 20- turn coil has a diameter
7.50cm. It lies in a uniform magnetic field
of 0.1T that points out of the page. The
coil is rotated ¼ turn, from perpendicular
until it is parallel to the field (normal is
now perpendicular to field). Determine the
time in which this must be done for the
average emf to be 1.50V, and which way
does the induced current flow?
 t = 5.89ms
Transformer

 A transformer is an electronic device that is used for

increasing(stepping up) or decreasing(stepping
down) an a.c voltage. It has two coils of insulated
wire, the primary, where the voltage (ac voltage) is
usually applied and the secondary where the load is
placed. They can be found in your TV sets,
converters, on utility poles an almost everywhere
that requires a change in ac voltage. A diagram of
the simple transformer is shown below,


How Transformers work
 An ac voltage is applied to the primary
coil causing an alternating current to be
generated. This alternating current
creates a changing magnetic field that
induces an ac voltage of the same
frequency in the secondary coil.
However the voltage will vary according
to the number of loops in each coil.
Transformer cont..

 The ratio of the number of turns in the

primary coil to the ratio of the number of
turns in the secondary coil(turns ratio =
Np/Ns) determines the ratio of the
voltages in the two coils( Vp/Vs).

 If Np > Ns – Step-down transformer

 If Ns> Np- Step-up transformer
Power & Efficiency of a
Transformer
 Electrical Power is given by:
 P = IV

 But from Ohm’s Law: V=IR

 Therefore P= I2R or V2/R

 The transformer efficiency is given

by:
Efficiency=Output Power x 100%
 Input Power
Transformer Efficiency
Example
 A step-up transformer has 10,000 turns on its
secondary coil and 100 turns on its primary coil.
An alternating current of 5.0A flows in the
primary coilwhen it is connected to a 12V a.c
supply. Calculate:
 a) the power input to the transformer (60W)
 b) The emf induced across the secondary coil
(1200V). What is the maximum current that could
flow in a circuit connected to the secondary coil if
 c) the transformer is 100% efficient and(0.05A)
 d) The transformer is 90% efficient but produces
the same e.m.f across the secondary coil as the
ideal one (0.045A)?
Used in Power transmission
Relationship for an ideal transformer

 Is /Ip= Np / Ns= Vp / Vs
 For a transformer with an applied ac
voltage, V with N number of turns on
each coil, we have the relationship

 Vp /Vs = Np /Ns
Transformer Practice 

 A transformer has 5000 turns on its

primary and 100 turns on its secondary.
An ac voltage of 120V is applied to the
primary. Find out,
 a) what kind of transformer is this?
 b) the voltage induced on the secondary.
 c) the current produced on the primary
and secondary if a resistor of 15Ω is
placed on the secondary.
Applications of e-m induction

The Induction Stove

A changing flux through the bottom of

the metal pot generates an emf which
causes current to circulate around the
bottom of the pot. I2R heat is dissipated
in metal pot, but not in the glass pot or
the stove top because they're insulators
Generators

 Generators utilize the fact that

motion in a magnetic field will
induce a current.
Principle of the
generator
Magnetic flux (φm) vs induced emf
(ε)

For a rectangular coil of N

number of turns rotating
(area changing) in a uniform
magnetic field B,

Induced emf, ε = NBAω sinω

t
Magnetic flux, φm= AB cosθ

Where θ = ωt.
At θ= 900, ε = Max; φm= 0Wb

At θ= 00, ε = 0V; φm= Max

In the diagram shown, the

angle between the normal of
How Generators work
How AC Generators work
(video)
 http://www.dnatube.com/video/11775/H
ow-AC-Generators-Work
Magnetic Levitation

Alternating current through

the coil
What will happen to the ring?
*CORRECTION: source should
be an ac voltage and NOT dc.
It won’t work with a dc supply.
Levitation Cont….
Practical ways to demonstrate levitation

Video link
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/scie
nce/magnetic-levitation-videos-
playlist.htm#video-34271
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=txmKr69jGBk
Magnetic Levitation in very
fast moving trains(up to 300
mph)
Useful web Links on EM
Induction
 http://www.ustudy.in/eee/em2/u1 (alternators, ac
generators)
 http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/generator
 http://physicsyoutube.blogspot.com/2010/06/ac-generator-
animation.html
 http://www.ncert.nic.in/html/learning_basket/electricity/ani
mations/dc-gen.html
 http://www.dnatube.com/video/11775/How-AC-Generators-
Work
 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/magnetic-
levitation-videos-playlist.htm#video-29792 (maglev)
 maglev-
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-
equipment/maglev-train1.htm
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txmKr69jGBk
(levitation)