Class: I I B S

Date: 28-07-2010

Internet, Intranet, Extranet &

Types of Internet Connections
& World Wide Web
Birender Singha
Shilpi Singh Bhadauria
Ritesh Kumar Vyas
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks. A computer that connects to the Internet can access
information from a vast number of servers and other computers.
Much of the widely accessible information on the Internet
consists of the interlinked hypertext documents and other
resources of the World Wide Web (WWW). Web users typically
send and receive information using a web browser; other software
for interacting with computer networks includes specialized
programs for electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and file
sharing.
Information is moved around the Internet by packet
switching using the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol)/IP). It is a "network of networks"
that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business,
and government networks of local to global scope that are linked
by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and
other technologies.
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History - Creation

The USSR's (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create
the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as
ARPA, in February1958 to regain a technological
lead. ARPA created the Information Processing
Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of
the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)
program, which had networked country-
wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R.
Licklider was selected to head the IPTO.

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Intranet
An intranet is a private computer network that
uses Internet technologies to securely share any part
of an organization's information or operational systems
with its employees.
An organization's intranet does not necessarily have to
provide access to the Internet. When such access is
provided it is usually through a network gateway with
a firewall, shielding the intranet from unauthorized
external access.

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Benefits of intranets
Workforce productivity
Time
Communication
Business operations and management
Communication
Cost-effective
Promote common corporate culture
Enhance Collaboration
Cross-platform Capability
Immediate Updates
Supports a distributed computing architecture
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Extranet
Intranets differ from extranets in that the former
are generally restricted to employees of
the organization while extranets may also be accessed
by customers, suppliers, or other approved
parties. Extranets extend a private network onto the
Internet with special provisions for access,
authorization and authentication.
When a part of an intranet is made accessible to the
customers and others outside the business, it is an
extranet.

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Internet Connections
As technology grows, so does our need for bigger,
better and faster. The need for speed has changed the
options available to consumers and businesses alike in
terms of how and how fast we can connect to the
Internet.
While technology changes at a rapid pace, so do
Internet connections. The connection speeds listed
below represent a snapshot of general average to
maximum speeds at the time of publication.

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Analog or Dial-up
up to 56k
Also called dial-up access, it is both economical and slow.
Using a modem connected to your PC, users connect to the
Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is
provided by your ISP) and connects to the network. Dial-up is
an analog connection because data is sent over an analog,
public telephone network. The modem converts received
analog data to digital and vise versa. Because dial-up access
uses normal telephone lines the quality of the connection is
not always good and data rates are limited.
Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56
Kbps.

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Cable
Through the use of a cable modem you can have a
broadband Internet connection that is designed to
operate over cable TV lines. Cable Internet works by
using TV channel space for data transmission, with
certain channels used for downstream transmission,
and other channels for upstream transmission. Because
the coaxial cable used by cable TV provides much
greater bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem
can be used to achieve extremely fast access.
Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.

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Wireless Internet Connections
Wireless Internet, or wireless broadband is one of the
newest Internet connection types. Instead of using
telephone or cable networks for your Internet
connection, you use radio frequency bands. Wireless
Internet provides an always-on connection which can be
accessed from anywhere — as long as you
geographically within a network coverage area.
Wireless access is still considered to be relatively new,
and it may be difficult to find a wireless service
provider in some areas. It is typically more expensive
and mainly available in metropolitan areas.

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Satellite
Internet over Satellite (IoS) allows a user to access
the Internet via a satellite that orbits the earth. A
satellite is placed at a static point above the earth's
surface, in a fixed position. Because of the enormous
distances signals must travel from the earth up to the
satellite and back again, IoS is slightly slower than
high-speed terrestrial connections over copper or
fiber optic cables.
Typical Internet over Satellite connection speeds
(standard IP services) average around 492 up to 512
Kbps.

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Introduction
The World Wide Web (commonly abbreviated
as "the Web") is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via
the Internet.
With a Web browser, one can view Web
pages that may contain text, images, videos,
and other multimedia and navigate between
them using hyperlinks.

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Introduction (Contd..)
Using concepts from earlier
hypertext systems, the World
Wide Web was started in 1989 by
the English physicist Sir Tim
Berners-Lee, now the Director of
the World Wide Web Consortium,
and later by Robert Cailliau, a
Belgian computer scientist, while
both were working at CERN in
Geneva, Switzerland.
 In 1990, they proposed building a
"web of nodes" storing "hypertext
pages" viewed by "browsers" on a
network, and released that web in
December. 
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Introduction (Contd..)
 Mr. Berners-Lee, who invented the World Wide Web in
1989 while working at the European Organization for Nuclear
Research (CERN), has served as the W3C Director since
W3C was founded, in 1994.
Connected by the existing Internet, other websites were
created, around the world, adding international standards
for domain names & the HTML language. Since then, Berners-
Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of
Web standards (such as the markup languages in which Web
pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his
vision of a Semantic Web.
The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information
over the Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible
format.
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Introduction (Contd..)
First, the server-name portion of the URL is resolved into an IP
address using the global, distributed Internet database known as
the domain name system, or DNS. This IP address is necessary to
contact the Web server. The browser then requests the resource
by sending an HTTP request to the Web server at that particular
address. In the case of a typical Web page, the HTML text of the
page is requested first and parsed immediately by the Web
browser, which then makes additional requests for images and any
other files that form parts of the page.
Most Web pages will themselves contain hyperlinks to other related
pages and perhaps to downloads, source documents, definitions and
other Web resources. Such a collection of useful, related
resources, interconnected via hypertext links, is what was dubbed a
"web" of information. Making it available on the Internet created
what Tim Berners-Lee first called the World Wide Web in
November 1990.
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Goals
Web for Everyone
Web on Everything
Knowledge Base
Trust and Confidence

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Web for Everyone
The social value of the Web is that it enables human
communication, commerce, and opportunities to share knowledge.
One of W3C's primary goals is to make these benefits available to
all people, whatever their hardware, software, network
infrastructure, native language, culture, geographical location, or
physical or mental ability.
W3C continues to expand its real investment in initiatives that
directly support the expansion of Web technologies and their
benefits into the developing world. Work in areas like Web
accessibility, internationalization, device independence, and mobile
Web are particularly important as we work toward a Web for
Everyone.
In addition, through W3C Offices and other efforts to broaden
participation, W3C pledges to make the Web available to more
people around the world.
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Web on Everything
The number of different kinds of devices that
can access the Web has grown immensely.
Mobile phones, smart phones, personal digital
assistants, interactive television systems, voice
response systems, kiosks and even certain
domestic appliances can all access the Web. The
goal of W3C's Mobile Web Initiative, launched
in 2005, is to make Web access from any kind of
device as simple, easy and convenient as Web
access from a desktop.

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Knowledge Base
The Web is not merely an immense book where
people can search, browse, and view
information. It is also a vast database that, if
designed carefully, can allow computers to do
more useful work. By developing a Web that
holds information for both human and machine
processing, W3C aims to enable people to solve
problems that would otherwise be too tedious
or complex to solve.

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 Conclusion
 The Internet (and World Wide Web) was have today
was created by some very bright, talented people
who either had vision, or were inspired by other
talented people’s visions.
 Though their ideas were not always popular, they
pressed ahead.
 Their perseverance and hard work brought us to
where we are today.
 There is a lot to be learned by studying these people,
their early work and keeping in mind what they had to
work with.
 Today, we owe a great deal for the wired world we
enjoy, to the hard work of these people.

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