EME 2103 Materials Science

• Course Description
• EME 2103 Materials Science
• Structure and bonding Crystal structure and bonding in metals, alloys, ceramics, glasses
and polymers. Macro and micro structures of materials and properties. Phase diagrams,
heat treatment and thermo-mechanical treatment. Composite materials. Mechanical
properties: Stress deformation; proof stress, tensile strength, shear strength, hardness,
ductility, toughness. Ductile‑britle transitions. Fracture, toughness. Strengthening
methods. Importance of crystal structure in determining properties.
• Chemical properties: Corrosion, photo damage, testing and physical examination of
material. Non‑destructive testing.

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Classroom Policies
Class Attendance
Dishonesty
Any form of dishonesty or falsehood related to the general conduct of the class
(exams, homework, project, quizzes, etc.) will be considered a major offense and will
be brought before the Dean of School for appropriate action.

Cell phones and Texting

Cell phones must be turned off or be in the silent mode during class hours. Cellphone
operation (including reading or sending text messages) during class hours is not
allowed.

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Introduction to Materials Science
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science

You will learn about:

• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure

This course will help you to:

• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities with materials

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Introduction to Materials Science
• What is materials science?
Materials science deals with basic knowledge about the internal structure,
properties and processing of materials.

• Why should we know about it?

• select and use materials properly

• realize new design opportunities with materials

• Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?

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 Introduction to Materials Science

Why Study Materials Science?

Engineers, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical and electronics will at one
time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials.

We study materials Science in order to;

• Select and use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities with materials

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 Introduction to Materials Science
Criteria for material selection

1. The in-service conditions e.g. strength and ductility.

2. Any deterioration of material properties during service operation e.g. corrosive
environments.
3. Economics i.e. what will the finished product cost?

The more familiar an engineer is with the various characteristics and structure–property
relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and
confident he will be to make beter materials choices based on these criteria.

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 Classification of Engineering Materials

There are three basic classifications of materials:

1. metals,
2. ceramics, and
3. Polymers.
This scheme is based on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into
one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates.

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Classification of Engineering Materials
In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials. These
are;

1. composites,
2. semiconductors, and
3. biomaterials.

Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas

semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics;
biomaterials are implanted into the human body.

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 Classification of Engineering Materials
• Metallic Materials
 Composed of one or more metallic elements.
 Example:- Iron, Copper, Aluminum.
 Metallic element may combine with nonmetallic
elements. •Addition of 10.5% < Cr <
27% to iron forms stainless
 Example:- Silicon Carbide, Iron Oxide, Cr. steel – and is used for
corrosion resistance
Have crystalline structure.
 Good thermal and electrical conductivity.

Metals and Alloys

Ferrous Nonferrous
Eg: Steel, Eg:Copper
Cast Iron Aluminum
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 Classification of Engineering Materials
• Polymeric (Plastic) Materials
 Polymers are materials consisting of polymer
molecules with repeated chemical units (`mers')
joined together, like beads on a string.

 Poor conductors of electricity and hence used as

Properties that make insulators.
polymeric materials  Light weight:

atractive  Formability or ease of fabrication

 Comparatively low cost
 Strength and ductility vary greatly.
 Low densities and decomposition temperatures.
 Examples :- Poly vinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyester.
 Applications :- Appliances, DVDs, Fabrics etc.

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 Classification of Engineering Materials

• Ceramic Materials
 Metallic and nonmetallic elements are chemically bonded
together.
 Inorganic but can be either crystalline, noncrystalline or
mixture of both.
 High hardness, strength and wear resistance.
 Very good insulator. Hence used for furnace lining for heat
treating and melting metals.

 Other applications : Abrasives, construction materials, utensils
etc.

 Example:- Porcelain, Glass, Silicon nitride, Bricks.

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 Classification of Engineering Materials

• Composite Materials
 Mixture of two or more materials to give properties which cannot
be achieved by one material.
 Consists of a filler material and a binding material.
 Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.
 Mainly two types :-
o Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix
o Particulate: Particles in a matrix
o Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer
 Examples :-
 Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy
matrix)
 Concrete ( Gravels or steel rods reinforced in cement and sand)
 Applications:- Aircraft wings and engine, construction.

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Classification of Engineering Materials

• Electronic Materials

 Not Major by volume but very important.

 Silicon is a common electronic material.
 Its electrical characteristics are changed
by adding impurities.

 Examples:- Silicon chips, transistors

 Applications :- Computers, Integrated
Circuits, Satellites etc.

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 Future Trends
• Metallic Materials
 Production follows US economy closely.
 Alloys may be improved by better chemistry and
process control.
 New aerospace alloys being constantly researched.
o Aim: To improve temperature and corrosion resistance.
o Example: Nickel based high temperature super alloys.
 New processing techniques are investigated.
o Aim: To improve product life and fatigue properties.
o Example: Isothermal forging, Powder metallurgy.
 Metals for biomedical applications

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 Future Trends
• Polymeric (Plastic Materials)
 Fastest growing basic material (9% per
year).
 After 1995 growth rate decreased due to
saturation.
 Different polymeric materials can be
blend together to produce new plastic
alloys.
 Search for new plastic continues.

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 Future Trends
• Ceramic Materials
New family of engineering ceramics have been
produced in the last decade
 New materials and applications are constantly found.
 Now used in Auto and Biomedical applications.
 Processing of ceramics is expensive.
 Easily damaged as they are highly brittle.
 Better processing techniques and high-impact
ceramics are to be found.

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 Ceramic Armour
• Ceramic armour systems are used to protect military personnel
and equipment.

• Advantage: low density of the material can lead to weight-efficient

armour systems.

• Typical ceramic materials used in armour systems include

 alumina, Al2O3
 boron carbide,
 silicon carbide, and
 titanium diboride.

• The ceramic material is discontinuous and is sandwiched between

a more ductile outer and inner skin.

• The outer skin must be hard enough to shatter the projectile.

Ceramic - Composite Armor
Most of the impact
energy is absorbed
by the fracturing of
the ceramic and
any remaining
kinetic energy is
absorbed by the
inner skin, that
also serves to
contain the
fragments of the
ceramic and the
projectile
preventing severe
impact with the
personnel/equipme
nt being protected.
 Future Trends
• Composite Materials
 Fiber reinforced plastics are primary
products.
 On an average 3% annual growth from 1981
to 1987.
 Annual growth rate of 5% is predicted for
new composites such as Fiberglass-Epoxy and
Graphite-Epoxy combinations.
 Commercial aircrafts are expected to use
more and more composite materials.

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 Future Trends
• Electronic Materials
 Use of electronic materials such as silicon
increased rapidly from 1970.
 Electronic materials are expected to play vital
role in “Factories of Future”.
 Use of computers and robots will increase
resulting in extensive growth in use of
electronic materials.
 Aluminum for interconnections in integrated
circuits might be replaced by copper resulting in
better conductivity.

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 Future Trends
• Smart Materials : Change their properties by sensing
external stimulus.
 Shape memory alloys: Strained material reverts back to
its original shape above a critical temperature.
 Used in heart valves and to expand arteries.

 Piezoelectric materials: Produce electric field when

exposed to force and vice versa.
 Used in actuators and vibration reducers.

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Nanomaterials

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 Nanomaterials
• Nanomaterials:
Have a characteristic length < 100 nm
 Examples: ceramics powder whose grain size <100 nm
 Nanomaterials demonstrate totatally different
properties from bulk materials e.g. they are harder
and stronger than bulk materials.

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 Nanomaterials
•Biodegradable nanocomposite food packaging

Biodegradable food packaging material have been

made in recent years by homogeneously dispersing
functionalised layered silicates (clay minerals) in
thermoplastic starch

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 Conclusion
• Materials used in engineering applications fall into
the following categories
– Metals
– Ceramics
– Polymers
– Composites

•Each material category possesses property characteristics that find usefulness in different
engineering applications

In recent years there have been numerous research on materials to aimed at further
improvements to serve the current engineering needs

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 Materials Applications – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

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 Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

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Example – Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e. 28

 Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold Ball

acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent (“glue”)
Acetabular
– must avoid any debris in cup Cup and Liner

Femoral
Stem

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,

Chapter 22, Callister 7e.

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 SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

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 LABORATORY SESSIONS

Location: ELB 011

Purpose:
1. To learn more about materials by relating lecture material with observations.

2. Also to learn to properly formulate and write engineering reports

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COURSE MATERIALS
Required text:

Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction,

W.D. Callister, Jr. and D.G. Rethwisch, 8th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2010).

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