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Residential Cooling Load Calculation

This document discusses methods for calculating cooling loads for air conditioning systems. It describes how cooling loads are dependent on factors like temperature differences, construction materials, orientation, and room size. It provides examples of common calculation methods like the CLTD/CLF method. For residential cooling load calculations, it outlines calculating loads from structural elements, windows, infiltration, and occupancy. The key components of residential cooling loads are the roof, walls, doors, windows, occupants, appliances, and infiltration.

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AngeloTomalon
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479 views24 pages

Residential Cooling Load Calculation

This document discusses methods for calculating cooling loads for air conditioning systems. It describes how cooling loads are dependent on factors like temperature differences, construction materials, orientation, and room size. It provides examples of common calculation methods like the CLTD/CLF method. For residential cooling load calculations, it outlines calculating loads from structural elements, windows, infiltration, and occupancy. The key components of residential cooling loads are the roof, walls, doors, windows, occupants, appliances, and infiltration.

Uploaded by

AngeloTomalon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cooling Load Calculation

(Aircon Lab)
Sizing Air Conditioning System
- Based on heat gain in a building.
Heat Gain depends on the following:
1. Temperature Difference between outside and the desired inside
temperature – hot vs hotter
2. Type of construction of building envelope (walls, and ceilings) –
Brick vs Glass
3. Orientation to the sun – East/West vs North/South
4. Room size – Big vs small
5. Infiltration
6. Occupants
7. Room Activities
8. Lighting – LED vs Incandescent
9. Appliances, equipments

ESTIMATION: Rule of thumb = 1 ton per 500 ft2


Two Groups publish calculation procedures
for sizing central air conditioners.

Air Conditioning Contractors of America


(ACCA)
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating,
and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
Sources of Cooling Load

External load Internal load

Externally loaded building vs internally Loaded building


Cooling Load Calculation Method

• Transfer Function Method (TFM): This is the most complex of the


methods proposed by ASHRAE and requires the use of a computer
program or advanced spreadsheet.

• Cooling Load Temperature Differential/Cooling Load Factors


(CLTD/CLF): This method is derived from the TFM method and uses
tabulated data to simplify the calculation process.

• Total Equivalent Temperature Differential/Time-Averaging


(TETD/TA): This was the preferred method for hand or simple
spreadsheet calculation before the introduction of the CLTD/CLF
method.
Design information
1. Outdoor Design Weather Conditions.
2. Indoor Design Conditions and Thermal
Comfort
3. Indoor Air Quality and Outdoor Air
Requirements
4. Building Pressurization
5. Building Characteristics
6. Operating Schedules
Cooling Load Calculation Method
CLTD/ SCL/ CLF Method
CLTD (Cooling Load Temperature Difference)
- Theoretical temperature difference that accounts for the combined
effects of inside and outside air difference, daily temperature range, solar
radiation and heat storage in building mass.
-It is affected by orientation, tilt, month, day, hour, latitude, etc. CLTD
factors are used for adjustment to conductive heat gains from walls, roof, floor
and glass.

CLF (Cooling Load Factor)


- accounts for the fact that all the radiant energy that enters the conditioned
space at a particular time does not become a part of the cooling load instantly. The CLF
values for various surfaces have been calculated as functions of solar time and
orientation and are available in the form of tables in ASHRAE Handbooks.
- used for adjustment to heat gains from internal loads such as lights,
occupants and power appliances

SCL (Solar Cooling Load Factor)


- used for adjustment to transmission heat gains from glass
Residential Cooling Load Calculations
Residential Cooling Load Calculations
Residential Features:

1. Occupied 24/7
2. Loads are imposed by heat gain through
structural components and by air leakage or
ventilation. Internal loads, particularly those from
occupants and lights, are small in comparison to
those in commercial or industrial structures.
3. Residence is considered 1 zone
4. Small capacity, upto 18kW cooling
Categories of Residences
1. Single-Family Detached - A house in this category
usually has exposed walls in four directions, often more
than one story, and a roof. The cooling system is a single-
zone, unitary system with a single thermostat.
2. Multifamily buildings - Unlike single-family detached
units, multifamily units by definition do not have exposed
surfaces facing in all directions. Rather, each unit has only
one or two exposed surfaces and possibly a roof. Two
exposed walls will be at right angles, and both east and
west walls will not be exposed in a given living unit.
Load Components
(1) through structural components (walls, floors,
and ceilings).
(2) through windows;
(3) caused by infiltration and ventilation; and
(4) due to occupancy.
Summary of Cooling Loads
 Roof
 Walls
 Doors
 Glass Windows
 People
 Appliances
 Infiltration
 Ducting (if any; usually 10% of total sensible
loads)
 Compute total power and flow requirements.
Cooling Load Due to Heat Gain Through
Structure (roof, walls, ceilings, doors)

Q = U* A* (CLTD)
Q = cooling Load, BTU/hr, Watts
U = coefficient of heat transfer,
BTU/hr-ft2-°F, W/m2-K
U = 1/ R; Values of R are taken from Table 4 Ch24
pp24.4 to 24.6 from 1997 ASHRAE
Fundamentals Handbook (SI); pp.471-474
A= area, ft2, m2
CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature
Difference

Note: Tables are based on 24degC indoor


temp and 1.5K indoor temperature swing.
Material Properties
Material Properties
Cooling Load Due to
Heat Gain Through
Structure (roof, walls,
ceilings, doors)
Q = U* A* (CLTD)

Q = cooling Load, BTU/hr, Watts


U = coefficient of heat transfer,
BTU/hr-ft2-°F, W/m2-K
U = 1/ R; Values of R are taken from Table 4 Ch24
pp24.4 to 24.6 from 1997 ASHRAE
Fundamentals Handbook (SI); pp.471-474
A= area, ft2, m2

Note: Tables are based on 24degC indoor


temp and 1.5K indoor temperature swing.
Cooling Load Due to Heat Gain Through
Windows
Q = A* (GLF)
Q = cooling Load, BTU/hr, Watts
A = area, ft2, m2
GLF = Glass Load Factor, W/m2
Cooling Load Due to Heat Gain Through
Windows
Q = A* (GLF)
Q = cooling Load, BTU/hr, Watts
A = area, ft2, m2
GLF = Glass Load Factor, W/m2
Cooling Load Due to Heat Gain Through partition
Walls to unconditioned Space
Q = U*A* (dT)
Q = cooling Load, BTU/hr, Watts
A = area, ft2, m2
U = coefficient of heat transfer,
BTU/hr-ft2-°F, W/m2-K
U = 1/ R; Values of R are taken from
Table 4 Ch24 pp24.4 to 24.6
from 1997 ASHRAE
Fundamentals Handbook (SI);
pp.471-474
dT = temperature difference across
the partition
Cooling Load Due to Heat Gain Through
Infiltration
Q = 1.2*Vr*dT (from Q = mCpdT)
Q = cooling Load, Watts
Vr = volume flow rate, liter/sec
Vr = ACH * (room volume) * 1000/3600; ACH = air changes per hour
dT = temperature difference across the partition

Tight: Good multifamily construction with close-fitting doors, windows, and framing; new house
Medium: average fit windows and doors; Below average multifamily construction falls in this category.
Loose: poorly constructed single- and multifamily residences with poorly fitted windows and doors.
Internal Loads
 Occupants: See next slide

 Appliances: Qapp = (Watt Rating) X (No. of Appliance)


Occupants Rate of heat Gain
Summarize Cooling Loads
 Roof
 Walls
 Doors
 Glass Windows
 People
 Appliances
 Infiltration
 Ducting (if any; usually 10% of total sensible
loads)
 Compute total power and flow requirements.

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