Fluid Kinamatics
Fluid Kinamatics
Lecture -5
Introduction
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• Eulerian Method
Methods of describing fluid motion
Methods of describing fluid motion
Difference Between Open Channel
and Pipe Flow
Types of Flow
When the velocity in the tube was small, he saw this colored
liquid as a straight line throughout the length of the tube,
showing that the particles of water moved in a parallel straight
lines.
As he gradually increased the velocity of water by opening the
valve further, at a certain velocity the flow changed.
The line first become wavy, and then at a short distance from
the entrance it broke into numerous vortices, beyond which
the color became uniformly diffused so that no streamlines
could be distinguished.
Later observations have shown that in this latter type of flow
the velocities are continuously subject to irregular
fluctuations.
Reynolds’ Number
Reynold number is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
It is used to check that whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
It is given by formula:
• To visualize the flow pattern, different experimental approaches are used. These are:
• Path line
• Stream line
• Streak line
Flow Pattern Visualization
Path Lines
“A path line is a trace made by single particle over
a period of time.”
Or
“The path followed by a fluid particle in motion is
called path line.”
The concept of path line is based upon
Lagrangian’s approach.
The path line shows the direction of a particle for a
certain period of time or between two given
sections.
Stream Lines
Streamlines show the mean direction of a number of particles at the same
instant of time.
The concept of streamlines is based upon Eulerian’s approach.
Two streamlines never intersect each other.
Definition:
“The imaginary line, drawn in the fluid in such a way that the tangent to
any point gives the direction of motion at the point, is called stream line.”
Path lines and streamlines are identical in the steady flow of a fluid.
Flow Pattern Visualization
Streak Lines
In experimental fluid mechanics, a dye or other tracer is
frequently injected into the flow to trace the motion of the
fluid particles.
If the flow is laminar, a ribbon of color results. This is called a
streak line, or filament line.
Streak Lines
“The instantaneous pictures of the position of all
fluid particles in flow, which have passed through a
given point (namely, the point of injection), are
called streak lines.”
Example:
1. The line formed by smoke particles ejected from a
nozzle.
2. The line of color in a flow into which a dye is
continuously introduced through a small tube, all
dyed fluid particles having passed the tube's end.
Streak Lines
A streak line is physical line of particles that have
passed through some position in the flow field.
In a steady flow, streamlines, streaklines, and path
lines coincide.
Mean Velocity and Discharge
Mean Velocity
It is the average velocity passing a given section.
Thus,
If an incompressible liquid is continuously flowing through a
pipe or a channel (whose cross-sectional area may or may not
be constant) the quantity of liquid passing per second is the
same at all sections. This is known as equation of continuity
of liquid flow.
Problem-1