Kinematics of Fluid Flow

Lecture -5
Introduction

 Up till now we have studied the effect of force on

the liquid at rest. Now we will study the motion of
liquids without any reference to the force causing
motion.
 This lecture deals with the study of velocity and
acceleration of the liquid particles without taking
into consideration any force or energy.
Introduction

The kinematic behavior of fluid can be described by three major

parameters.
• Displacement

• Velocity

• Acceleration

 Kinematic behavior of fluid means that how the fluid particles

are moving at distinct points.

 Basically there are two methods to study the motion of fluid

(kinematic behavior of fluid). These are:

• Langrangian Method

• Eulerian Method
Methods of describing fluid motion
Methods of describing fluid motion
Difference Between Open Channel
and Pipe Flow
Types of Flow

 When a fluid is flowing in pipe, the countless small

particles get together and form a flowing stream.
 These particles, while moving, group themselves in a
variety of ways, e.g., they move in a regular
formation, just as disciplined soldiers do; or they may
swirl, like the individuals, in a disorderly crowd.
 The type of flow of a liquid depends upon the
manner in which the particles unite and move.
Types of Flow

 Depending on dimensions of flow

 One dimensional Flow
 Two dimensional Flow
 Three dimensional Flow
Types of Flow
Types of Flow
Types of Flow

Compressible Flow Incompressible Flow

 A flow in which the  A flow in which the
volume of fluid and its volume of fluid and its
density changes during the density does not change
flow. during the flow.
 All the gases are generally  All the liquid are generally
considered to have considered to have
compressible flows. incompressible flows.
Types of Flow
Laminar Flow

 The first type of flow is known as laminar, streamline, or

viscous flow.
 This type of flow is characterized by low velocities and
viscous forces are dominant.
 Now we can define Laminar Flow as:
“If the liquid particles appear to move in definite smooth paths
and flow appears to be as a movement of thin layers on top of
each other, then the flow is called laminar flow.”
Turbulent Flow

 The second type of flow is known as turbulent flow.

 This type of flow is characterized by higher
velocities and inertial forces are dominant.
 It can be defined as:
“The liquid particles move in irregular paths which
are not fixed with respect to either time or space.”
Reynolds Experiment

 Osborne Reynolds demonstrated in 1883 that there are two

distinctly different type of fluid flow.
 He injected a fine, threadlike stream of colored liquid having
the same density as water at the entrance to a large glass tube
through which water was flowing from a tank.
 A valve at the discharge
end permitted him to
vary the flow.
Reynold’s Experiment

 When the velocity in the tube was small, he saw this colored
liquid as a straight line throughout the length of the tube,
showing that the particles of water moved in a parallel straight
lines.
 As he gradually increased the velocity of water by opening the
valve further, at a certain velocity the flow changed.
 The line first become wavy, and then at a short distance from
the entrance it broke into numerous vortices, beyond which
the color became uniformly diffused so that no streamlines
could be distinguished.
 Later observations have shown that in this latter type of flow
the velocities are continuously subject to irregular
fluctuations.
Reynolds’ Number
 Reynold number is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
 It is used to check that whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
 It is given by formula:

For pipe flows:

 If Re is less than 2000, flow would be laminar
 If Re is in the range of 2000- 4000, flow would be transition
 If Re is greater than 4000, flow would be turbulent
Reynolds’ Number

For open channel flows:

Types of Flow
Types of Flow

Steady Flow Unsteady Flow

 A flow in which all  A flow in which all

conditions (Velocity, conditions (Velocity,
pressure, density, discharge) pressure, density,
at any point in a stream discharge) at any point in a
remains constant with stream changes with
respect to time, but the respect to time is called un-
conditions may be different steady flow.
at different point, is called
steady flow.
Types of Flow
Types of Flow

Uniform Flow Non- Uniform Flow

 If the flow velocity at  If the flow velocity at

a given instant of time a given instant of time
does not change changes within a
within a given length given length of pipe or
of pipe or channel, channel, then the flow
then the flow is called is called non-uniform
uniform flow. flow.
Types of Flow
Flow Types (All Combinations):
 Steady uniform flow:
Conditions do not change with position in the stream or with
time.
 Steady non–uniform flow:
Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do not
change with time.
 Unsteady uniform flow:
At a given instant in time the conditions at every point are the
same, but will change with time.
 Unsteady non–uniform flow:
Every condition of the flow may change from point to point
and with time at every point.
Flow Types (All Combinations)
Types of Flow
Types of Flow
 Flow Pattern Visualization

• To visualize the flow pattern, different experimental approaches are used. These are:
• Path line
• Stream line
• Streak line
Flow Pattern Visualization
Path Lines
 “A path line is a trace made by single particle over
a period of time.”
Or
 “The path followed by a fluid particle in motion is
called path line.”
 The concept of path line is based upon
Lagrangian’s approach.
 The path line shows the direction of a particle for a
certain period of time or between two given
sections.
Stream Lines
 Streamlines show the mean direction of a number of particles at the same
instant of time.
 The concept of streamlines is based upon Eulerian’s approach.
 Two streamlines never intersect each other.
 Definition:
“The imaginary line, drawn in the fluid in such a way that the tangent to
any point gives the direction of motion at the point, is called stream line.”
 Path lines and streamlines are identical in the steady flow of a fluid.
Flow Pattern Visualization
Streak Lines
 In experimental fluid mechanics, a dye or other tracer is
frequently injected into the flow to trace the motion of the
fluid particles.
 If the flow is laminar, a ribbon of color results. This is called a
streak line, or filament line.
Streak Lines
 “The instantaneous pictures of the position of all
fluid particles in flow, which have passed through a
given point (namely, the point of injection), are
called streak lines.”
 Example:
1. The line formed by smoke particles ejected from a
nozzle.
2. The line of color in a flow into which a dye is
continuously introduced through a small tube, all
dyed fluid particles having passed the tube's end.
Streak Lines
 A streak line is physical line of particles that have
passed through some position in the flow field.
 In a steady flow, streamlines, streaklines, and path
lines coincide.
Mean Velocity and Discharge

Mean Velocity
 It is the average velocity passing a given section.

 The velocity in the pipe is not constant across the

cross section of pipe. Crossing the centerline of

pipe, the velocity is zero at walls and maximum at
the center then decreasing symmetrically to the
outer wall. This velocity variation across the
section is known as velocity profile or velocity
distribution.
Mean Velocity and Discharge
Mean Velocity and Discharge

Discharge or Flow Rate

Mean Velocity and Discharge
Fluid System and Control Volume
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation

Thus,
 If an incompressible liquid is continuously flowing through a
pipe or a channel (whose cross-sectional area may or may not
be constant) the quantity of liquid passing per second is the
same at all sections. This is known as equation of continuity
of liquid flow.
Problem-1

 If pipe 1 diameter = 50mm, mean

velocity 2m/s, pipe 2 diameter
40mm takes 30% of total discharge
and pipe 3 diameter 60mm. What
are the values of discharge and
mean velocity in each pipe?
Problem-2

 Water is flowing through a pipe of 100mm diameter

with an average velocity of 10m/s. Determine rate of
discharge of water in l/s. Also determine the velocity
of water at the other end of the pipe, if the diameter
of the pipe is gradually changed to 200mm.
Problem-3

 A pipe AB branches into two pipes C and D as shown

in figure.
C
B
A
D
The pipe has diameter of 0.45m at A, 0.3m at B,0.2m
at C and 0.15m at D. Find the discharge at A, if the
velocity of water at A is 2m/s. Also find out the
velocities at B and D, if the velocity at C is 4m/s.