Programming Fundamentals

in C++

(PRACTICAL#05)
Objective: To become familiar with Control Structures
(Iteration statements/ Loops)
 The execution of the program is linear.
 Control Structures are used to alter/change the flow of program.
 Controls which statement(s) should be executed next.
Control Structures

Selection / Iterative/
Conditional/ Branching Loops (Jump Statements)
 Loops Definition : cause a section of your code
to repeated a certain number of times,
 The repetition continues while a condition
remains true, when the condition becomes
false the loop terminates and the control
transferred to the statements following the
loop.
 for Loop
 while Loop
 do-while Loop

 Jump Statements (Break, Continue, goto , return)

 (Iteration statements) Loops
 for Loop : Executes a section of your program a fixed number
of times.
 The for loop is used when you know before entering the loop,
how many times the loop body will execute.
 Syntax
for (initialization; test expression/condition; increment)
{
// body of for loop
}
 The loop first starts, the initialization portion of the loop is executed and sets
the value of the loop control variable.
 The condition is evaluated and this must be a Boolean expression.
 Increment expression is an expression that increments or decrements the
loop control variable.
 for Loop : Syntax

In case of Multiple Statements, enclose them

into pair of braces to form a code block.
Iteration Statements

void main() {
Int n;
for(n=1; n<=10; n++)
cout<<“Loop Cyc le: “<< + n;
}
Iteration Statements
 loop variations
 for(int
z = 100; z>=1; z--);
 //loops from 100 to 1 with step of -1.

 •for(inti = 5; i<=100; i+=5);

 //loop from 5 to 100 with step of +5.
Nested for Loop
 Nested: one for loop inside the other for loop.
 One for loop can be nested inside the other one.
 For each single step of the outer loop, inner for loop will
complete its all iterations.

 Nested for loops have a lot of applications, they are

mostly used to access elements in multi dimensional
arrays.
Iteration Statements

 While :A while statement repeats an action again and again as long as a controlling
Boolean expression is true.
 When condition becomes false, control passes to the next line of code immediately
following the loop.
 Used when we don’t know the exact number of repetitions to be performed in our program.
 It uses “while” (without quotes) as a c++ keyword for looping.
Syntax
while(test expression)
{
// body of loop
}
Iteration Statements

 While : Syntax
 When condition becomes false, control passes to the next line of code immediately
following the loop.
 Used when we don’t know the exact number of repetitions to be performed in our program.
 It uses “while” (without quotes) as a c++ keyword for looping.
Syntax
while(test expression)
{
// body of loop
}
While counter-controlled repetition

int main(){
int count =0;

while(count < 50 ){
Cout<<count<<endl;
count++;
}
Cout<<“End of loop”;
}
While Sentinel-controlled repetition

int main(){
int num1, num2; char ch =‘A’;
while(ch != ‘n’ ) {
Cout<Cout<<“Enter first number:”;
cin>>num1
<“Enter second number:”;
cin>>num2;
Cout<<“Sum=”<<num1+num2;
Cout<<“Do you want to continue(y/n)”;
Cin>>ch;
}
Cout<<“End of loop”;
}
Nested while loop
Allow the flow of execution to jump to a different part of the program.

Break: terminates the existing structure.

continue : causes a loop to stop its current iteration and begin

the next one.

goto: causes the logic to jump to a different place in the

Iteration Statements

 Do . . . While
 the body of a do-while loop is always executed at least once, no matter
what the initial state of test expression.
Syntax
do {
First_Statement
Second_Statement
...
Last_Statement
}
while(Boolean_Expression);
do-while loop
Allow the flow of execution to jump to a different part of the program.

Break: terminates the existing structure.

continue : causes a loop to stop its current iteration and begin

the next one.

goto: causes the logic to jump to a different place in the

Iteration Statements

void main(){
int count =0;
do {
cout<<count;
count++;
}
while(count<=10);
Cout<<“End of loop”;
}
Nested do-while loop
Allow the flow of execution to jump to a different part of the program.

Break: terminates the existing structure.

continue : causes a loop to stop its current iteration and begin

the next one.

goto: causes the logic to jump to a different place in the

(Jump Statements)
Allow the flow of execution to jump to a different part of the program.

Break: terminates the existing structure.

continue : causes a loop to stop its current iteration and begin

the next one.

goto: causes the logic to jump to a different place in the

program.

return: causes a function to jump back to the function that

called it.
break statement

 terminates the existing structure

 break statement is used to terminate the for
loop or to take exit from the for loop.
void main() {
for(int i=1; i<=100; i++) {
if ( i==20 )
Break;
Cout<<“: " << i;
}
Continue statement

 Continue statement causes the current loop cycle to

terminate, the execution continues with the next loop cycle
void main() {
for(int i=1; i<=10; i++) {
if ( i%2 !=0 )
Continue;
cout<<“: “<< i;
}
goto: Labels lines of code and jump straight through to that code.
causes the logic to jump to a different place in the program.

int num;
cout<<"Enter a number: "; cin>>num;
if (num % 2==0){ goto print; }
else {
cout<<"Odd Number";
}
print: cout <<"Even Number"; return 0; }
 int num;
cout<<"Enter a number: "; cin>>num;
if (num % 2==0){ goto print; }
else {
cout<<"Odd Number";
}
print:
cout <<"Even Number"; return 0; }