SHAHEED BHAGAT SINGH

STATE TECHNICAL CAMPUS

TOPIC:- LOW DUTY CYCLE AND WAKE UP

Submitted to:- Mrs. Geeta Arora

◦ Low duty cycle protocols try to avoid spending much time in the
idle state and to reduce the communication activities of a sensor
node to a minimum;
◦ In an ideal case, the sleep state is left only when a node is about
to transmit or receive packets;
◦ In several protocols, a periodic wakeup scheme is used; one
flavor is the cycled receiver approach:
 A node A listens onto the channel during its listen period and
goes back into sleep mode when no other node
communicates with it;
 A potential transmitter B must know about A’s listen periods
and send its packet at the right time; this is a so-called
rendezvous;
 A rendezvous can be implemented by letting node A to send a
beacon at the beginning of its listen period or letting node B
to send frequent request packets until one of them is sensed
by node A;
 If node A wants to send a packet, it must also know the
target’s listen period;
 A wakeup period = sleep period + listen period
 The node’s duty cycle = listen period/ wakeup period;
OBSERVATIONS
• By choosing a small duty cycle, the transceiver is in sleep mode
most of the time, avoiding idle listening and conserving energy;
• By choosing a small duty cycle, the traffic directed from
neighboring nodes to a given node concentrates on a small time
window (the listen period) and in heavy load situations
significant competition can occur;
• Choosing a long sleep period induces a significant per – hop
latency, since a prospective transmitter node has to wait an
average of half a sleep period before the receiver can accept
packets; in the multihop case, the per – hop latencies add up and
create significant end – to – end latencies;
• Sleep phases should not be too short lest the start – up costs
outweigh the benefits
• In other protocols, there is also a periodic wakeup but nodes
can both transmit and receive during their wakeup phases;
when all nodes have their wakeup phases at the same time,
there is no need for a rendezvous;
SYNCHRONOUS LOW DUTY
CYCLE MAC PROTOCOL
Synchronised low duty cycle MAC protocols are typically equipped
with predetermined periodic wake-up schedules for data exchanges
which consist of a sleep period Tsleep and an active period, Tactive
repeated at Twakeup period intervals . A typical operation of
synchronised low duty cycle MAC protocols where the
synchronisation is achieved by means of frequent beacon frames
transmissions. A node broadcasts its beacon frames once it enters the
active period in order to share its current schedule and status
information with its neighbouring nodes. This way, all the nodes can
learn their neighbour’s schedules and use this knowledge for data
communication.
 POWER AWARE CLUSTERED
TDMA (PACT)
Power Aware Clustered Time Division Multiple Access or PACT protocol
(Pei & Chien, 2001) was proposed in 2001 for networks with a clustered
multi-hop topology. PACT utilises the concept of passive clustering where
nodes are allowed to take turns as the communication backbone.
Basically there are three types of nodes in a cluster, namely a cluster head,
inter-cluster gateways and ordinary nodes. Gateway nodes are used to
exchange traffic between clusters. A simple selection algorithm is used to
select the gateway nodes in a cluster which is based on a criterion where
a node with the highest number of distinct cluster heads is selected. In
order to reduce energy consumption within a cluster, the role between
cluster heads and gateway nodes is rotated. Furthermore, the duty cycle
of each node is adapted to the traffic conditions in the network where the
radios are turned off during inactive periods.
SMAC: SENSOR MAC
 This protocol tries to reduce energy
overheating, idle listening and collision.
 In this, protocol also every node has two
states , sleep state and active state.
 A node can receive and transmit during
its listeen period.
 SMAC tries to synchronize the listen
period of neighboring nodes
WAKE UP CONCEPTS
 The ideal situation is to avoid idle state;
 A wakeup receiver is necessary: it does not need power but can detect
when a packet starts to arrive; for example it suffices for it to raise an
event to notify other components of an incoming packet; upon such an
event, the main receiver can be turned on and perform the reception of
the packet;
 The wakeup radio concept tries to attend the ideal situation by using the
wakeup receiver idea;
 One of the proposed MAC protocol assumes the presence of several
parallel data channels, separated either in frequency (FDMA) either in
codes (CDMA); a node wishing to transmit a data packet randomly picks
one of the channels and performs a carrier – sensing operation; if the
channel is busy, the operation is repeated; after a certain number of tries
the node backs off for a random time and starts again; if the channel is idle,
the node sends a wakeup signal to the receiver indicating also the channel
to use; the receiver wakes up its main data receiver, tunes to the indicated
channel and data transfer can proceed; afterwards, the main receiver is
sent back to its sleep mode;
ADVANTAGES
 Only the low – power wakeup transceiver has to be switched on
all the time;
 The scheme is naturally traffic adaptive; the MAC is more and more
active as the traffic load increases;
DISADVANTAGES
 Difficult hardware solution for such an ultralow power wakeup
receiver
 The range of the wakeup radio and the data radio should be the
same; if the range of the wakeup radio is smaller than the range of
the data radio, possibly not all neighbor nodes can be woken up; if
the range of the wakeup radio is significantly larger, there can be a
problem with local addressing schemes: these schemes do not use
globally or networkwide
THANK YOU