RIZAL NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School Department | Grade 11 | SY 2018-2019

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
JP Rizal St. Batingan, Binangonan, Rizal

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
LESSON 11:
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL OR
THE ANTIDERIVATIVE
 LEARNING STANDARDS

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding
of antiderivatives and Riemann Integral.

Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to formulate and
solve accurately situational problems
involving population models.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Competencies
• Illustrate an antiderivative of a function;
(STEM_BC11I-IVa-1)

• Compute the general antiderivative of

polynomial, radical, exponential and
trigonometric functions; (STEM_BC11I-IVa-b-1)
• Compute the antiderivative of a function
using substitution rule and table of
integrals; (STEM_BC11D-IIIj-2)
 MATCH IT UP!
Match the functions in Column A with their
corresponding derivatives in Column B.
Column A Column B
1. 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2
2. 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 − 3
3. 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 1 c. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
4. 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 2 d. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2
5. 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 e. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2
6. 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 f. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 2
7. 𝐹 𝑥 = 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 g. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1
Key: 1. g 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. e 6. f 7. b
 INTRODUCTION
In the previous discussions, you learned
how to find the derivatives of different
functions. Now, you will learn the inverse
of differentiation. We shall call this process
antidifferentiation. A natural question
then arises:

Given a function 𝒇, can we find a function 𝑭

whose derivative is 𝒇?
 THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OR
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
DEFINITION
A function 𝑭 is an antiderivative or
indefinite integral of the function 𝒇 on an
interval 𝑰 if 𝑭′(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) for every value of 𝑥
in the interval 𝑰.

For example:
An antiderivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 is 𝐹 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 .
The derivative of 𝐹 is given by 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
 THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OR
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
REMARK:
The antiderivative 𝑭 of a function 𝒇 is not unique.

Other antiderivatives of 𝑓 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 are

𝐹1 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 2
𝐹2 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 3
𝐹3 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 5
In fact, any function of the form
𝑭 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
where 𝐶 ∈ ℝ is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥).
 THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OR
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
THEOREM
If 𝑭 is an antiderivative or indefinite
integral of the function 𝒇 on an interval 𝑰,
then every antiderivative 𝒇 on 𝑰 is given by
𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪, where 𝐶 is an arbitrary constant.

Remark:
Using the theorem, we can conclude that if 𝐹1 and 𝐹2
are antiderivatives of 𝑓, then 𝐹2 𝑥 = 𝐹1 𝑥 + 𝐶. That
is, 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 differ only by constant.
 TERMINOLOGIES & NOTATIONS

• Antidifferentiation is the process of

finding the antiderivative of a function 𝒇.

• The symbol (integral sign), denotes the

operation of antidifferentiation.

• The function 𝒇 is called the integrand.

 TERMINOLOGIES & NOTATIONS

• If 𝑭 is an antiderivative of 𝒇, we write
න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒙 + 𝑪
• The symbols and 𝑑𝑥 go hand-in-hand and
𝑑𝑥 helps us identify the variable of
integration.
• The expression 𝑭 𝒙 + 𝑪 is called the
general antiderivative of 𝑓. Meanwhile,
each antiderivative of 𝑓 is called a
particular antiderivative of 𝑓.
 GENARAL AND PARTICULAR
ANTIDERIVATIVE
Given: 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙

Particular Antiderivatives
𝐹 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 2
𝐹 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 3
𝐹 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 5
General Antiderivative
𝑭 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
 THEOREMS ON ANTIDIFFERENTIATION/
BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

1) න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪
2) If 𝑛 is any real number and 𝑛 ≠ −1, then
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
න 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
3) If 𝑎 is any constant and 𝑓 is a function, then

න 𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 න 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
4) If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions defined on the same 𝐼,

න[𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ± න 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Evaluate each indefinite integral:

1. න 𝑑𝑤 = 𝒘+𝑪

2. න 2018𝑑𝑥 = 2018 න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖𝒙 + 𝑪

𝑟 10+1 𝒓𝟏𝟏
3. න 𝑟 10 𝑑𝑟 = +𝐶 = +𝑪
10 + 1 𝟏𝟏
𝑥 2/3+1 𝒙𝟓/𝟑 𝟑𝒙𝟓/𝟑
4. න 𝑥 2/3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝑪= +𝑪
2/3 + 1 𝟓/𝟑 𝟓
2 𝑚 −4 𝟏
5. න 5 𝑑𝑚 = 2 න 𝑚 𝑑𝑚 = 2 ∙
−5 +𝐶 =− 𝟒
+𝑪
𝑚 −4 𝟐𝒎
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
Evaluate the indefinite integral

න(𝑦 2
− 2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦

Solution: න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 2 න 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 3 න 𝑑𝑦

𝑦 2+1 𝑦1+1
= −2∙ + 3𝑦 + 𝐶
2+1 1+1
𝑦3 𝑦2 𝒚𝟑
= −2∙ + 3𝑦 + 𝐶 = − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝑪
3 2 𝟑
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
Evaluate the indefinite integral

න(5𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥

Solution: න 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + න 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − න 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 10𝑥𝑑𝑥 + න 3𝑑𝑥
= 5 න 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 2 න 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 6 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 10 න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 3 න 𝑑𝑥

𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
= 5 ∙ + 2 ∙ − 6 ∙ + 10 ∙ + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
5 4 3 2
𝟒
𝒙
= 𝒙𝟓 + − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
Evaluate the indefinite integral
𝑧2 − 3
න 𝑑𝑧
𝑧5
𝑧2 3
Solution: න 5 − 5 𝑑𝑧 = න 𝑧 −3 − 3𝑧 −5 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 −3+1 𝑧 −5+1
= න 𝑧 −3 𝑑𝑧 − 3 න 𝑧 −5 𝑑𝑧 = −3∙ +𝐶
−3 + 1 −5 + 1
𝑧 −2 𝑧 −4 𝟏 𝟑
= −3∙ +𝐶 =− 𝟐+ 𝟒+𝑪
−2 −4 𝟐𝒛 𝟒𝒛
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8.1
Evaluate the indefinite integral

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
න 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=− 𝟐+ 𝟑− 𝟒+ 𝟓+𝑪
𝟐𝒙 𝒙 𝟒𝒙 𝟓𝒙
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8.2
Evaluate the indefinite integral

2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 + 2
න 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝟑
𝟑 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝟐𝒙 − + + 𝟐− 𝟑+𝑪
𝒙 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
Evaluate the indefinite integral
2
𝑐 (𝑐 − 2𝑐)
න 3
𝑑𝑐
𝑐
𝑐1/2 (𝑐 2 − 2𝑐) (𝑐1/2+2 − 2𝑐1/2+1 )
Solution: න 3
𝑑𝑐 = න 3
𝑑𝑐
𝑐 𝑐
(𝑐 5/2 − 2𝑐 3/2 ) 𝑐 5/2 𝑐 3/2
=න 3
𝑑𝑐 = න 3
− 2 ∙ 3 𝑑𝑐
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

= න(𝑐 5/2−3 − 2𝑐 3/2−3 )𝑑𝑐 = න(𝑐 −1/2 − 2𝑐 −3/2 )𝑑𝑐

 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
Solution (cont.):

= න(𝑐 −1/2 − 2𝑐 −3/2 )𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑐 −1/2 𝑑𝑐 − 2 න 𝑐 −3/2 𝑑𝑐

1 3 1 1
−2+1 −2+1 −2
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐2 𝑐
= −2∙ +𝐶 = −2∙ +𝐶
1 3 1 1
− +1 − +1 −
2 2 2 2
𝟏/𝟐
𝟒
= 𝟐𝒄 + +𝑪
𝒄𝟏/𝟐
 MORE SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Determine the following antiderivatives:

1. න 𝑑𝑝 6. න(2019𝑥 2018 − 1)𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 2019 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

2. න −2𝑑𝑥 7. න 3𝑠 2 (2𝑠 3 − 2)𝑑𝑠 ⇒ 𝑠 6 − 2𝑠 3 + 𝐶

3𝑥 4 − 𝑥 21 1 𝑥 14
3. න 𝑟 −7 𝑑𝑟 8. න 8
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ − 𝑥 3 − 14 + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑞1/2 − 3𝑞5/2
4. න 3 𝑚𝑑𝑚 9. න 𝑑𝑞 ⇒ 𝑞 − 𝑞3 + 𝐶
𝑞1/2
1 𝑥 𝑥 −1 + 𝑥 2 2
5. න −6 𝑑𝑘 10. න 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ −
7𝑥 7/2
−
3𝑥 3/2
+𝐶
𝑘 𝑥4
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Evaluate each indefinite integral.

1. න 𝑑𝑦 6. න(10𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝐶

5𝑡 3
2. න 4𝑑𝑥 7. න 𝑡 2 (6𝑡 3 − 5)𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡6 − +𝐶
3
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 9 1 4𝑥 5
3. න 𝑝8 𝑑𝑝 8. න 5
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ − 2𝑥 2 + 5 + 𝐶
𝑥
2𝑚1/2 − 7𝑚2
4. න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 9. න 𝑑𝑚 ⇒ 𝑚2 − 2𝑚7/2 + 𝐶
𝑚−1/2
1 𝑠 𝑠4 + 𝑠 − 1 2𝑠 5/2
5. න 3 𝑑𝑞 10. න
2 2
𝑑𝑠 ⇒
5
−
3𝑠 1/2
+
3𝑠 3/2
𝐶
𝑞 𝑠3
 THEOREMS ON INTEGRALS
YIELDING THE EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

5) න 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒂𝒙
6) න 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪 Here, 𝑎 > 0 with 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝐥𝐧 𝒂
𝟏
7) න 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 |𝒙| + 𝑪
𝒙
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Determine the following antiderivatives:

1. න 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝒆𝒚 + 𝑪
𝟓𝒙
2. න 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟓
𝒙
𝟑
3. න(𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝟑 + 𝑪
𝒓 𝒓+𝟏
𝟖 ∙ 𝟖 𝟖
4. න 8𝑟+1 𝑑𝑟 = න 𝟖𝒓 ∙ 𝟖𝟏 𝒅𝒓 = 𝟖 න 𝟖𝒓 𝒅𝒓 =
𝐥𝐧 𝟖
+𝑪=
𝐥𝐧 𝟖
+𝑪

3𝑥 − 1 𝟑𝒙 𝟏
5. න 𝑑𝑥 = න −
𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = න 𝟑𝒅𝒙 − න 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑥
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
Evaluate the indefinite integral
𝟓
න 𝒆𝒙+𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙−𝟏 − 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
Solution: න 𝑒 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 + න 3𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 − න 5𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 2 න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3−1 න 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 5 න 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥

3 −1 ∙ 3 𝑥 𝟑 𝒙−𝟏
= 𝑒2 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 + − 5 ln |𝑥| + 𝐶 = 𝒆𝒙+𝟐 + − 𝟓 𝐥𝐧 |𝒙| + 𝑪
ln 3 𝐥𝐧 𝟑
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
Evaluate the indefinite integral
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙
න 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝑥 3 2𝑥 2 𝑥 1 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥
Solution: න 2 − 2 − 2 + 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

= න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − න 2𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 −2 + න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒙𝟐 𝟏
= − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − + 𝑪
𝟐 𝒙
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
Evaluate the indefinite integral

𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟑 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒙𝟒 𝟑𝒙
න 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
𝒙

Answer:
𝒙
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑
= 𝟒𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + − 𝟐 + 𝟑 + 𝒆𝒙 − +𝑪
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝟑
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Determine the following antiderivatives:

1. න(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 6. න(2𝑒 𝑥 −𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2. න 8𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 7. න 3(5𝑥−1 )𝑑𝑥

3. න[𝑒 𝑥 + 2(9𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 8. න(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

4. න 8𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 9. න(4𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

3𝑥 − 2 𝑥3 + 𝑥3 − 7
5. න 𝑑𝑥 10. න 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
 ANTIDERIVATIVES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
08) න 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪

09) න 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪

10) න 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪

11) න 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = −𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝑪

12) න 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪

13) න 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪

 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Evaluate the antiderivative:

න(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Solution:

න(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Evaluate the antiderivative:

න tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Identity: 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏

න tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = න sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥

= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Evaluate the antiderivative:
sin 𝑥
න 2
𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥

Solution: Identity: 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 =

𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
; 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

1 sin 𝑥
න ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = න sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Evaluate the following integrals

1. න(cos 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 6. න(sin 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2. න cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7. න(cos2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

cos 𝑥
3. න 2 𝑑𝑥 8. න(1 + 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
4. න 2 𝑑𝑥 9. න 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 sec 𝑥 cot 𝑥
1
5. න csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. න 2 2
𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥