M4 CHEMISTRY
S2 Q3 : Factors affecting
Rate of Reaction
Global Context: Key Concept: Related Concept:
Scientific and System Energy, condition
Technical
Innovation
Statement of Enquiry:
Scientific and technological advances can enable functional energy transformation within, and
between, systems.
WEEK 4 LESSON 2
10.3 Factors affecting rate of reaction
MYP Criteria:
Criterion A
Strands: i, ii, iii
Criterion C
Strands: i
In this lesson, the students will:
K: The different factors affecting the rate of reaction
U: how collision theory explains the impact of the factors
D: Lab demonstration to show how different factors affect rate of reaction
Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:
Scientific and Scientific and technological advances can enable functional Change Energy
Technical Innovation energy transformation within, and between, systems.
Collision Theory of Reaction
A chemical reaction occurs when
Particles collide
collisions between molecules have sufficient
kinetic energy to break the bonds in the
reactants
molecules collide with the proper orientation
Example: bonds between atoms of the reactants (N2 and O2) are broken and new bonds (NO) form
Collision Theory of Reaction
A chemical reaction does not take place if the
collisions between molecules do not have
sufficient energy to break the bonds in the
reactants
molecules are not properly aligned
K: The different factors
affecting the rate of
reaction
U: how collision theory
explains the impact of the
factors
D: Lab demonstration to
show how different
factors affect rate of
reaction
Activation Energy
The activation energy
is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place upon
proper collision of reactants
Rate of reaction
Factors affecting rate of reaction
Temperature
Concentration of solution or
pressure of gas
Catalyst
Surface area
Temperature and collisions
How does temperature affect the rate of particle collision?
Effect of temperature on rate
The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction. In many reactions,
a rise in temperature of 10 °C causes the rate of reaction to approximately
double.
Why does increased temperature increase the
rate of reaction?
At a higher temperature, particles have more
energy. This means they move faster and are
more likely to collide with other particles.
When the particles collide, they do so with
more energy, and so the number of
successful collisions increases.
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Why are batteries more likely to rundown
more quickly in cold weather?
At low temperatures the
reaction that generates the
electric current proceeds more
slowly than at higher
temperatures.
This means batteries are less
likely to deliver enough current
to meet demand.
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How does temperature affect rate?
The reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid produces
sulfur.
sodium hydrochloric sodium sulfur
thiosulfate + acid chloride + dioxide + sulfur + water
Na2S2O3 2HCl
2NaCl SO2 S H 2O
(aq) + (aq) (aq) + (g) + (s) + (l)
Sulfur is solid and so it turns the solution cloudy.
How can this fact be used to measure the effect of temperature on
rate of reaction?
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Effect of concentration on rate of reaction
The higher the concentration of a dissolved reactant, the
faster the rate of a reaction.
Why does increased concentration increase the rate of
reaction?
At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the same
amount of space. This means that the particles are more likely to
collide and therefore more likely to react.
lower concentration higher concentration
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Effect of pressure on rate of reaction
Why does increasing the pressure of gaseous reactants
increase the rate of reaction?
As the pressure increases, the space in which the gas particles
are moving becomes smaller.
The gas particles become closer together, increasing the frequency of
collisions. This means that the particles are more likely to react.
lower pressure higher pressure
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Effect of surface area on rate of reaction
Any reaction involving a solid can only take place at the surface of
the solid.
If the solid is split into several pieces, the surface area increases.
What effect will this have on rate of reaction?
low surface area high surface area
This means that there is an increased area for the reactant particles to
collide with.
The smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area. This means
more collisions and a greater chance of reaction.
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Reaction between a carbonate and acid
Marble chips are made of calcium carbonate. They react with
hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide.
calcium hydrochloric calcium carbon
carbonate + acid chloride + water + dioxide
CaCO3 2HCl CaCl2 H2O CO2
(aq) + (aq) (aq) + (aq) + (g)
The effect of increasing surface area on the rate of reaction can be measured by
comparing how quickly the mass of the reactants decreases using marble chips
of different sizes.
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What are catalysts?
Catalysts are substances that change the rate of a reaction without being used
up in the reaction.
Catalysts never produce more product – they just produce the same
amount more quickly.
Ea without
catalyst Different catalysts work in different
ways, but most lower the reaction’s
activation energy (Ea).
energy (kJ)
Ea with
catalyst
reaction (time)
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Everyday catalysts
Many catalysts are transition metals or their compounds. For example:
Nickel is a catalyst in the production of margarine
(hydrogenation of vegetable oils).
Iron is a catalyst in the production of ammonia from nitrogen
and hydrogen (the Haber process).
Platinum is a catalyst in the
catalytic converters of car
exhausts. It catalyzes the
conversion of carbon monoxide
and nitrogen oxide into the less
polluting carbon dioxide and
nitrogen.
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Catalysts in industry
Why are catalysts so important for industry?
Products can be made more quickly, saving
time and money.
Catalysts reduce the need for high
temperatures, saving fuel and reducing
pollution.
Catalysts are also essential for living cells. Biological catalysts are special
types of protein called enzymes.
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• Discuss the application of catalyst in daily life
• In a group of 4, discuss the application of catalyst relating it
to at least 2 OWF. Include the followings in your poster.
(Preparation time 10 minutes)
1. What is catalyst?
2. What is the mechanism by which catalyst increase the rate
of reaction?
3. Name at least 2 catalyst (you may also include biological
catalyst) which are used in different industries.
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Glossary
activation energy – The amount of energy needed to start a reaction.
catalyst – A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without
being used up.
concentration – The number of molecules of a substance in a given
volume.
enzyme – A biological catalyst.
rate of reaction – The change in the concentration over a certain period
of time.
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