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Chapter 7 Lecture 5-Part 1

The document discusses external flows over flat plates, spheres, cylinders, and banks of tubes. It provides empirical correlations to determine the Nusselt number, which relates the convection heat transfer coefficient to flow properties. These include the Blasius solution for laminar flow over flat plates and the Churchill correlation for laminar flow at high Peclet numbers. A correlation is also provided for turbulent flat plate flow. An example problem is given to estimate the cooling rate needed to maintain a flat plate at a surface temperature using the empirical correlations.

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128 views

Chapter 7 Lecture 5-Part 1

The document discusses external flows over flat plates, spheres, cylinders, and banks of tubes. It provides empirical correlations to determine the Nusselt number, which relates the convection heat transfer coefficient to flow properties. These include the Blasius solution for laminar flow over flat plates and the Churchill correlation for laminar flow at high Peclet numbers. A correlation is also provided for turbulent flat plate flow. An example problem is given to estimate the cooling rate needed to maintain a flat plate at a surface temperature using the empirical correlations.

Uploaded by

Chee Hoe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7

(Lecture 5-Part 1)
External Flow

1
Introduction

2
Introduction

3
Introduction
In Chapter 6 we obtained a non-dimensional form for the heat transfer
coefficient, applicable for problems involving the formation of a
boundary layer:

NuL  f ( x*,ReL ,Pr) NuL  f (Re L ,Pr)


• In this chapter we will obtain convection coefficients for different flow
geometries, involving external flows:
– Flat plates
– Spheres
– Cylinders
– Bank of tubes
 In such flows, boundary layers develop freely
• Two approaches:
– Experimental or empirical: Experimental heat transfer measurements
are correlated in terms of dimensionless parameters
– Theoretical approach: Solution of boundary layer equations. 4
Empirical correlations
 Generally

Nu L  C Re Lm Pr n (7.1)

 Fluid properties are usually evaluated at the film temperature:

Ts  T
Tf  (7.2)
2
 Sometimes all properties are evaluated at T and the RHS of eq.
(7.1) is multiplied by

(Pr / Prs )r or (  / s )r

Note:  - Free stream s - Surface 5


Flat Plate in Parallel Flow
Laminar Flow
 Blasius solution:
 Assumption
 Steady
 Incompressible
 Laminar flow
 Negligible viscous dissipation

• As with all external flows, the boundary layers develop freely without
constraint.

• Boundary layer conditions may be entirely laminar, laminar and turbulent,


or entirely turbulent.

• To determine the conditions, compute


u L uu LL
ReL u L  
Re L    
 
Rex ,c .
6
Flat Plate in Parallel Flow
Laminar Flow
 Blasius solution:

 Local Nusselt number


hx x (7.23)
Nux   0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr1 / 3 , Pr  0.6
k
 Average Nusselt number

hx x
Nu x   0.664 Re1x/ 2 Pr1 / 3 , Pr  0.6 (7.30)
k

7
Flat Plate in Parallel Flow
 For liquid metals (fluid with small Prandtl number)
 For Pr < 0.05
 Pex > 100
Pe  Re Pr
Nux  0.564 Pex0.5 (7.32)
 Peclet Number : x x

 For all Pr numbers, Churchill and Ozoe correlation


 Laminar flow over an isothermal plate

0.3387 Re 1x/ 2. Pr 1 / 3
Nu x  Pe x  100
[1  (0.0468 / Pr) ] 2 / 3 1/ 4

(7.33)

Nu x  2 Nu x

8
Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate
 Impossible to obtain exact analytical solution for turbulent boundary layer.
 Local Nusselt number for turbulent flow.
 ±15% accuracy at Rex ≈ 108

Nu x  St Re x Pr  0.0296Re 4/5
x
1/ 3
Pr 0.6  Pr  60 (7.36)

9
Example 7.1
Air at a pressure of 6 kN/m2 and a temperature of 300oC flows with a
velocity of 10 m/s over a flat plate, 0.5 m long. Estimate the cooling
rate per unit width of the plate needed to maintain it at a surface
temperature of 27oC.
qconv

Ts=27oC

L
x

10
qconv

Example 7.1 Ts=27oC


 Assumption,
 Steady state, incompressible flow
 Negligible radiation effects

L
x

11
Example 7.36
 Air at 27oC with a free stream velocity of 10m/s is used to cool electronic devices
mounted on a printed circuit board. Each device, 4 mm x 4 mm, dissipates 40mW,
which is removed from the top surface. A turbulator is located at the leading edge of
the board, causing the boundary layer to be turbulent.

 Estimate the surface temperature of the fourth device located 15 mm from the
leading edge of the board.

13
Example 7.36

14

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