UEME 3213

Heat & Mass Transfer

One-Dimensional, Steady-
State Conduction

Chapter 3 (Lecture 3-part 2)

1
One-Dimensional, Steady-
State Conduction with
Generation

2
 The Plane Wall
Consider one-dimensional, steady-state conduction in a plane wall of constant
k, uniform generation, and asymmetric surface conditions:
 Heat Equation:
  T    T    T  . T
k    k    k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
•
d  dT  • 2
dT q
k   q  0   0 (3.39)
dx  dx  dx 2 k

 General Solution:

T  x     q/ 2k  x 2  C1 x  C2
•

 
C1 and C2 are constants of
integration
Symmetric Surface Conditions or One Surface Insulated:
 What is the temperature gradient at the
centerline or the insulated surface?
 Boundary conditions:

 Temperature Distribution:
.
q L2  x 2  Ts , 2  Ts ,1 x Ts ,1  Ts , 2 (3.41)
T ( x)  1  2   
2k  L  2 L 2
Plane wall (cont.)

Symmetric Surface Conditions or One Surface Insulated:

• What is the temperature gradient at the centerline or the

insulated surface?
• Why does the magnitude of the temperature gradient increase
with increasing x?
• Temperature Distribution:
q L2  x 2 
T  x   1  2   Ts (3.47)

2k  L 
• How do we determine ? Ts

Overall energy balance on the wall →

 E out  E g  0
 hAs  Ts  T   q As L  0

qL
Ts  T  (3.51)
h
• How do we determine the heat rate at x = L?
 Asymmetrical boundary
conditions
.
q L2  x 2  Ts , 2  Ts ,1 x Ts ,1  Ts , 2
T ( x)  1  2    (C.1)
2k  L  2 L 2

 
q ( x)  qx 
k
Ts , 2  Ts ,1  Ax (C.7)
 2 L6 
Radial Systems

Radial Systems
Cylindrical (Tube) Wall Spherical Wall (Shell)

Solid Cylinder (Circular Rod) Solid Sphere

 Heat Equations:
Cylindrical Spherical
1 d  dT   1 d  2 dT  
 kr q 0  kr q 0
r dr  dr  r dr 
2
dr 
Summary of Equations

 A summary of temperature
distributions is provided in Appendix C
for plane, cylindrical and spherical
walls, as well as for solid cylinders and
spheres. Note how boundary conditions
are specified and how they are used to
obtain surface temperatures.
One-Dimensional, Steady-
State Conduction without
Generation:
Heat Transfer from Finned
(Extended) Surfaces

11
 Introduction
The rate of heat transfer from a surface at a temperature Ts to
the surrounding medium at T∞ is given by Newton’s Law of
cooling:
qconv  hAs (TS  T )
How to increase the rate of heat transfer if the temperatures are
fixed by design consideration?
Two ways.
First option: You could increase the value h BUT it may
require the installation of a pump and a fan or replacing the
existing one with a larger one, but this approach may or may
not be practical. Besides, it may not be adequate.
12
 Introduction (con’t)

qconv  hAs (TS  T )

Second option: is to increase the surface area by
attaching to the surface extended surfaces called
fins made of highly conductive materials such as
aluminum.

13
 Introduction (con’t)
 Fins enhance heat transfer several-fold from a surface by
exposing larger surface area to convection (and radiation).
 In other words, fins is used to enhance heat transfer between a
solid and an adjoining fluids.
 For instance:

The fins are used

14 to promote heat exchange between air/gas and the working fluid.
 Examples usage of fins:
Air-cooled motorcycle & lawnmower cylinders
Electronic components
Refrigerator condenser tubes

Fin selection criteria:

Space
Weight Fin efficiency dependent on temperature
Manufacturing variation along fin; Minimize this by
Cost Short fins
Resulting pressure drop High thermal conductivity
Efficiency

15
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

• Extended surfaces may exist in many situations

but are commonly used as fins to enhance heat
transfer by increasing the surface area available
for convection (and/or radiation).
Typical Fin Configurations
 Fin Analysis
Although conduction takes place all directions, in practice, the fin is thin and
temperature changes in the longitudinal (x) direction are much larger than
those in the traverse (y & z) direction.
Assume:
• 1-dimensional heat transfer in the x-direction;
• Steady state conditions;
• Constant thermal conductivity;
• h is uniform over the surface;
• Negligible radiation from the surface;
• No heat generation.
 hPdxT  T 
dT dT
 kA  kA
dx x dx x  dx
Heat in Heat out Convective loss

d 2T hP
 T  T   0
dx 2 kA
18
 Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
Assuming one-dimensional, steady-state conduction in an extended surface of
constant conductivity and uniform cross-sectional area with negligible generation
and radiation, the fin equation is of the form:

d 2T hP (3.6.1)
2
 (T  T )  0
dx kAc

where p is the fin perimeter

Define:

  T ( x )  T

b  Tb  T
 Boundary Conditions
Case A
• At the base T = Tb or (0)=b
• At the tip:
Case A: Convection heat transfer
Case B: Adiabatic tip
Case C: Prescribed temperature, (L)=L
Case D: Infinite fin, T(L)=T or (L)=0
 Fin Analysis (con’t)
d 2T hP
 T  T   0
dx 2 kAC
d dT hP
• Define  ( x)  T ( x)  T ; T is constant,  m2 
dx dx kAC

Energy balance becomes: d 2

2
 m 2
 0
dx
Assuming constant , the equation has solutions in the form:
 ( x)  C1emx  C2e mx (1)

To evaluate the constants C1 and C2, it is necessary to specify the boundary conditions. One boundary
condition correspond to temperature at base of fin (x=0) or (x=0)
(2)
(0) = Tb - T ≡ b
The second boundary condition specified at (x = L), may correspond to one of the 3 different
physical situation.
 Fin Analysis (con’t)
hPdx(T-T∞)
x
Boundary conditions: t
Ac
At x = 0 T x  0  T0 q|x q|x+dx w
dx
L
At x = L
T0
• Infinitely long fin T
T x  L  T T∞
0 x L

• Finite length fin (convective losses) T0

T
 kA
dT
dx

 hA T x L
 T  T∞
xL 0 x L

• Insulated fin tip T0

dT T
0
dx T∞
x L L
0 x
22
 Fin Analysis (con’t)
For finite length fin, considering convection heat transfer from the fin tip

 kA
dT
dx

 hA T x L
 T  (3)
xL

Substituting eq (1) into eq. (2) and eq. (3), we obtain respectively,

b = C1 +C2 and

h(C1emL  C2e  mL )  k (C2e  mL  C1emL )

Solving for C1 and C2, it may be shown, after manipulation that

 cosh m( L  x)  (h / mk ) sinh m( L  x)
 (4)
b cosh mL  (h / mk ) sinh mL

For other boundary conditions refer to TABLE 3.4 INCORPERA to find

appropriate equation for Temperature distribution and (/ b) and fin heat
transfer rate qf
 Fin Analysis (con’t)
A: consider
convection
heat transfer
from the fin tip

B: consider
convection
heat loss from
the fin tip is
negligible

C: consider the
temperature is
prescribed at
the fin tip

D: consider a
very long fin

24
Solutions of Differential Equation

(3.6.2) qf  hPkAc (Tb  T )

 Fin Analysis (con’t)
T  T cosh mL  x 
 Large k
T0  T cosh mL m small: T does not drop much below T0 (T  To)
hP
m2  1
kA
0.9

0.8 L = 1
0.7

(T-T)/(T0-T) 0.6
L = 2
0.5

0.4

0.3 L = 5

0.2
L = 10
0.1

0
0 L
x

m large: T approaches T∞ (T  T∞) 26

Example: Problem 3.116
Assessment of cooling scheme for gas turbine blade.
(a) Determine whether the blade temperature is less than
the maximum allowable value (1050 °C) for the
prescribed operating conditions
(b) Evaluate blade cooling rate.
Assume that convective heat losses from the surface
are negligible, i.e. adiabatic tip condition.
 Fin Performance
• Fin effectiveness: Ratio of the fin heat transfer rate qf to
the heat transfer rate that would exist without the fin
where b=Tb-T, and Ac,b is the fin
qf (3.6.3)
f  cross-sectional area at the base
hAc,b b
 f should be as large as possible (at
least >2)
• For a very long (infinite) fin (Case D boundary
condition):

 kP 
1/ 2 (3.6.4)
 f   
 hAc 
 Fin Efficiency 1

0.9
Short, thick fins 
Fin efficiency 0.8
efficient as T  T0
0.7
• Fin itself represents conduction resistance

f
Fin efficiency, 
0.6
• Actual heat transferred to that if entire
0.5
fin were at T0 (max. driving force) 0.4

qf tanh mL
f  
0.3

hPLT0  T  mL 0.2

• ηf < 1 therefore a consequence of finite 0.1

conduction and hence existence of 0

0 2 4 6 8 10
Dimensionless Fin Parameter, L
temperature gradient
• Different curves not required for different
long, thin fins 
materials since m captures fin physical properties
inefficient as T  T
• But different curves for different fin geometries give
different efficiency.

29
 Fin Effectiveness
• ηf → 1 as L → 0 (no fin!)
• Cannot maximise efficiency based on fin length alone
• But efficiency doesn’t say whether better to have fin or not
• Only tells us what characteristics a fin should have if it is installed
• Use fin effectiveness
• Ratio of fin heat dissipation to that when fin not present

qf
hP
T0  T  tanh mL 2w  t  tanh mL Assumes h not
f   m  changed by
hAb T0  T  hAb T0  T  mwt presence of fin
Cross-sectional area of fin base
• Desire to maximize εf
• General rule of thumb: εf ≥ 2 to justify fin installation (account for cost & other
factors)

30
 Fin Performance
• Fin heat transfer rate:

Tb  T b
qf   where Rt,f is the fin resistance
Rt ,f Rt ,f

 Can express fin effectiveness as a ratio of thermal

resistances:
where Rt,b is the resistance due to
Rt ,b
f  convection of the exposed base
(=1/hAc,b)
Rt ,f
 Fin Resistance
T0  T
Fin thermal resistance: Rf 
qf
Rb
Exposed base thermal resistance f 
1 Rf
in the absence of fin: (due to Rb 
hAb
qf
convection at exposed base) 
hAb (T0  T )

Assumes h not changed by presence

of fin

32
 Fin Performance
• Fin efficiency: The ratio of the actual heat transfer rate from
the fin to the maximum rate at which a fin could dissipate
energy q qf See Table 3.5 and Figures 3.18
f  f
 (3.6.5) and 3.19 for the efficiencies of
qmax hAf  b common fin shapes

 We can use the

efficiency to
calculate the fin
resistance
1
Rt ,f 
hAff
(3.6.6)
 Fin Overall Surface Efficiency
The fin efficiency, f, only accounts for a single fin.
If an array of fins is used, we define an overall surface efficiency:

q f ,tot q f ,tot Total heat rate due to fins and exposed base (prime) surfaces
o  
qmax hAt Tb  T  Max. possible heat rate (all surfaces at T0)

where q f ,tot  N f hA f Tb  T   hAp Tb  T 

qf tanh mL
recall f  
hPLTb  T  mL

 NAf
At  NAf  Ap q f ,tot  hAt 1  1  f Tb  T 
 At 
Total fin surface area
(N = No. of fins)
Total area of exposed
o  1 
NAf
1  
f
At
base (prime surface)

34
 Fin Arrays

 Representative arrays of
(a) rectangular and
(b) annular fins.
– Total surface area:
At  NAf  Ab (3.99)

Total area of
Total fin surface area (N exposed base (prime
= No. of fins) surface)

– Total heat rate:

q f ,tot  N f hA f Tb  T   hAb Tb  T  (3.100)

q f ,tot  N f hA f  b  hAb b
36
 Fin Arrays
qt qt
• Define the overall efficiency, o o  
as qmax hAt b
NAf
o  1  (1  f ) (3.6.7)
At
where N is the number of fins in o  1 
NAf
(1  f )
the array, Af the surface area of At

each fin and At the total surface

area.
• We can then calculate the
heat rate for the fin array
qt  o hAt b (3.6.8)
• Thermal resistance of the fin array
1 (3.6.9)
Rt ,o 
 o hAt
Fin Manufacturing

Care must be exercised

to ensure that the
thermal contact
resistance does not
adversely influence
the overall fin
performance
 Fins in Heat Exchangers

• Widely used to achieve large heat rates per unit volume,

particularly when one or both fluids is a gas.
• Characterized by large heat transfer surface areas per unit
volume (>700 m2/m3), small flow passages, and laminar
flow.
Summary

Fin Efficiency • Efficiency of a single fin

f 
qf

tanh mL • Does not indicate effectiveness with
hPLT0  T  mL or without fin
• Short, thick fins are efficient
Fin Effectiveness • Ratio of fin heat dissipation to that
qf 2w  t  tanh mL when fin not present
f  
hAb T0  T  mwt • εf ≥ 2 to justify fin installation
Rb T0  T 1
f  Rf  Rb 
Rf qf hAb

Fin Overall Surface Efficiency • When an array of fins is used

q f ,tot q f ,tot
o   At  NAf  Ap
qmax hAt T0  T 
 NAf
o  1 
NAf
1   q f ,tot  hAt 1  1  f T0  T 
At
f  At 