CHAPTER-10

KINESIOLOGY,
BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS

By- Emad & Fayas

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Introduction to Axes and Planes

• Types of movements (Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction)
• Major muscles Involved in Running, Jumping and Throwing
• Newton’s Laws of Motion and Their Application in Sports
• Projectile and Factors Affecting Projectile Trajectory
• Friction and Sports
• Aerodynamics Principles
 KINESIOLOGY

• It means the ‘study of movement’

• It includes exercise physiology, biomechanics, sports and exercise psychology,
athletic training, sports medicine, sports administration, fitness and health promotion.
• “Kinesiology is the branch of physiology that studies mechanics and anatomy in
relation to human movement.”
 BIOMECHANICS

• It is a combination of 2 words: “bio” which means life or living things and

“mechanics” which refers to the field of physics and the forces that act on bodies in
motion.
• In other words biomechanics applies the laws of mechanics and physics to study the
bodily movements and the causes of movements, both internally and externally.
• OR
• The study of forces and their effects on living systems is known as biomechanics.
 AXES AND PLANES

• Meaning of Plane:
An imaginary, flat surface passing through the body or organ.
• Types of Planes:
1. Sagittal or Medial Plane- It is a vertical plane passing from the rear to the front,
dividing the body into left and right halves. It is also known as Anteroposterior
plane. Exercises like running, long jump and somersault take place in this plane.
2. Frontal or Coronal Plane- It is also a vertical plane passing from left to right,
dividing the body into posterior and anterior halves. It is also known as Coronal
plane. Cartwheel and star jumps come under this.
3. Transverse or Horizontal Plane- It
divides the body into top and bottom
halves. It is also known as horizontal
plane. Movements along this plane can
include ice skating and spin or rotation to
play a tennis shot.
• Meaning of Axis:
• It is a straight line around which an object rotates.
• Movements at the joints of human musculoskeletal system are mainly
rotational and takes place about a line perpendicular to the plane in which
they occur. This line is known as axis of rotation.
• In other words, axis is an imaginary line (point of rotation) that passes
through a joint or body to describe movement.
 TYPES OF AXES OF ROTATION

1. Sagittal Axis: It passes horizontally from posterior to anterior. It is formed by

intersection of sagittal and transverse or horizontal planes.
2. Frontal Axis: It passes horizontally from left to right. It is formed by the
intersection of the frontal and horizontal or transverse planes.
3. Vertical Axis: It passes vertically from inferior to superior (from top of head down
between feet). It is formed by the intersection of sagittal and frontal planes. It is the
longest axis and also known as longitudinal axis.
 TYPES OF MOVEMENTS (FLEXION,
EXTENSION, ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION)
1. Gliding Movement: It takes place in joints, a surface gliding or moving over
another without any angular or rotatory movement.
2. Angular Movement: It occurs only between long bones. By angular movement,
the angle between the 2 bones is increased or decreased. It may take place
forward, backward, flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Various movement
which fall under angular movement are described below-
• Flexion- Bending parts at a joint so that angle between
them decreases and parts come closer together ( bending
the lower limb at the knee)
• Extension- Straightening parts at a joint so that angle
between them increases & the parts move farther apart (
straightening the lower limb at the knee).
• Abduction- Moving a part away from the midline (lifting
upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with the side
of the body).
• Adduction- Moving a part toward the midline (returning
the upper limb from horizontal position to the side of the
body).
3. Circumduction:
• The movement that takes place between the head of a bone and its articular cavity. It
is seen in shoulder and hip joints. It is a compound circular movement which involves
flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. In cirucumduction, a part moves in such
a way that its end follows a circular path (moving a finger in a circular motion without
moving the hand).
4. Rotation:
• In this movement, bone moves around a central axis without undergoing any
displacement from the axis. Moving part around an axis is called rotation.
• Eg: Twisting head from side to side.
5. Other Movements:
• Hyperextension- Excess extension of parts at a joint, beyond the anatomical bending
position. (bending the head back beyond the upright position)
• Dorsiflexion- Bending the foot at the ankle toward the chin. (bending the foot upwards)
• Plantar Flexion- Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole. (bending the foot
downward)
• Inversion- Turning the foot so the sole faces medially.
• Protraction- Moving a part forward. (thrusting the chin forward)
• Retraction- Moving a part backward. (pulling the chin backward)
• Elevation- Raising a part. (shrugging the shoulders)
• Depression- Lowering a part. (drooping the shoulders)
• Supination- Turning the hand so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly.
• Pronation- Turning the hand so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly.
• Eversion- Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally.
 MAJOR MUSCLES INVOLVED IN RUNNING
1. Glutes:
• These muscles stabilize hips & legs.
• They give extra strength.
• Work with hamstring muscles & help hip flexors when your leg retracts behind you
preparing to propel forward.
2. Quads:
• Quads propel you forward & help straighten out the leg in front so that it can make
good contact with the surface of ground.
3. Calves:
• Give spring in your step and act as shock absorbers.
4. Hamstrings:

• These are muscles at the back of thigh muscles.

• Help in pulling the leg back behind you and give you
strength to propel body forward.

5. Core Muscles:

• Include abs and back muscles which help keep posture

correct.

6. Biceps:

• Help maintain a bent arm & help in swinging arms back and
forth while running.
MAJOR MUSCLES INVOLVED IN JUMPING

Muscles involved: First Stage- Preparatory

gluteus, maximus, stage where ankle, calves
Occurs in 3 stages:
hamstrings, quadriceps and soleus muscles
and soleus. prepare to launch.

Second Phase- Hip

extensors, hamstrings Last Stage- All muscles
and gluteus maximus embrace impact & allow
combine & knee body to return to resting
extensors extend knees state.
for launching into the air.
 MAJOR MUSCLES INVOLVED IN THROWING

• Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid, trepesius and teres major are
involved for throwing velocity.
• Pectoralis major- large muscle in the chest.
• Latissmus dorsi- large muscles on each side of your back.
• Deltoid, biceps & triceps are involved in throwing shot & javelin.
 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION & THEIR
APPLICATION IN SPORTS
1. Law of Inertia:
• First Law of Motion, it states that, “A body at rest will remain at rest and a body in
motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless
acted upon by an external force.”
• Eg: Kicking an stopping a football.
2. Law of Acceleration:
• Second law of motion, it states that, “A change in acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass.
• If 2 unequal forces are applied to objects of equal mass, the object that had greater
force applied will move faster than the one with lesser force applied.
• Similarly, if 2 equal forces are applied to objects of different masses, the one with
lesser mass will move faster than the one with greater mass.
• Eg: A hammer thrower will find that more force is required to throw a 16lbs hammer
than a 12 lbs one.
3. Law of Reaction:
• Third law of motion, it states that, “ For every action, there is always an equal and
opposite reaction.”
• Eg: Bouncing on a trampoline.
• In swimming- Person pushes the water backwards and water pushes him/her infront.
• In walking- Person applies force on ground in backward direction and ground
pushes him/her in forward direction.
• In Shooting- When a gun is fired, bullet moves forward and gun jerks backwards.
 An object thrown into the space
either horizontally or at an acute
angle under the action of gravity is
called a projectile.

2 forces that act on projectile are

PROJECTILE gravitational and air resistance
forces.

The path followed by a projectile is

called trajectory or parabola.
 FACTORS AFFECTING PROJECTILE
TRAJECTORY
1. Angle of Projection:
• Object, when projected at different angles
covers different distances.
• When projected at 30° covers less distance,
AB, as shown.
• When projected at 60° covers distance AC,
as shown.
• When projected at 45° covers maximum
distance, AD.
• Hence, it is assumed that initial velocity in
all cases is same and distance depends on
angle of release of projectile.
2. Projection Height Relevant to the Landing Surface:
• If height of projection and landing surface is equal, then angle is 45°.
• If height of Landing surface is more than height of projection, then increase the angle,
i.e, it should be more than 45°.
• If height of projection is more than landing surface, then decrease the angle, i.e, it
should be less than 45°.
• Eg: A golfer would hit the ball at the top of hill farther than golfer at bottom of hill.
3. Initial Velocity:
• If initial velocity is more, maximum distance is covered.
• If initial velocity is less, less distance is covered.
4. Gravity:

• It is the force of attraction exerted by the earth towards its centre on a body or an object.

• The greater the weight of an object, the greater the influence of gravity upon it.

• The force of gravity acts on the object to stop its upward movement and pulls it back to earth, limiting vertical component
of the projectile.

5. Air Resistance:

• When a projectile moves through the air, it is slowed down by air resistance.

• Air resistance decreases the horizontal component of a projectile.

There are following factors which are related to the amount of air resistance acting on a projectile-
(i) Surface of the object: The amount of air resistance depends on the surface of the object. If the surface of the object
(football, cricket ball, basketball, etc.) is rough, the air resistance will definitely be greater.

(ii) Surface to volume ratio: The larger the surface to volume ratio, the more air resistance will affect the object. For
example, a badminton shuttle will have much more air resistance, than a golf ball because of the dimples in it.

(iii) Mass: Air resistance depends on the mass of the object. If the mass of the object is smaller there will be more air
resistance. For example, a feather in comparison to a stone will have more air resistance.
(iv) Speed: If speed of an object increases, the air resistance also increases. This occurs due to friction. For example, a space
has more air resistance due to its speed.
6. Spin:
• The amount and direction of spin directly affects the distance covered or travelled.
• For example, in a tennis shot, top spin gives a poorer distance in comparison to back spin.
As a matter of fact, a top spin shot creates a region of high pressure on the top of the ball
and low pressure under the ball. Air moves from high to low pressure and as a result the
ball dips suddenly and a less distance is covered or travelled.
• In back spin shot, a region of high pressure is created under the ball and low pressure
above the ball. The air moves from high to low pressure and consequently the ball stays
up for a longer time and thus increases the distance to be covered by the ball.
 MEANING OF FRICTION

• According to the first law of motion, "A body at rest will remain at rest and a body in
motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on
by an external force". This law is adequately right but in practice it seems otherwise or
opposite.
• For example, when a cricket ball or hockey ball is hit, it moves very fast in the direction of
force on the ground. But after sometime its motion becomes less and finally it comes to a
static position.
• Above example tell us that there is some invisible force (external force) that opposes the
motion of the ball. This opposing force is called friction.
• In this way, it can be said that force of friction is the force that develops surfaces of contact
of two bodies and opposes their relative motion.
 TYPES OF FRICTION
1. Static Friction:
• The opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over the
surface of another, but the actual motion has not yet started, is called static friction.

2. Dynamic Friction:
• Dynamic friction is the opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually
moving over the surface of another body. Further, dynamic friction is of 2 types-
a) Sliding Friction: Opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually
sliding over the surface of the other body. Eg: Ice skating.
b) Rolling Friction: Opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually
rolling over the surface of other body. Eg: Cricket ball rolling on the ground.