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Parallel Operation of Alternator

The document discusses parallel operation of alternators. It provides several benefits of parallel operation including continuity of power supply if one alternator fails, operating alternators at maximum efficiency by distributing load, allowing maintenance without disrupting supply, and future-proofing by installing additional capacity. Certain conditions must be met for parallel operation such as matching voltage, frequency, and phase sequence. Synchronization methods like lamp synchronization are described to match phase voltages before closing the bus tie. Load is shared inversely with internal impedance, and active and reactive power sharing can be controlled by varying shaft power input or excitation respectively.

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Chirag Bafna
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2K views

Parallel Operation of Alternator

The document discusses parallel operation of alternators. It provides several benefits of parallel operation including continuity of power supply if one alternator fails, operating alternators at maximum efficiency by distributing load, allowing maintenance without disrupting supply, and future-proofing by installing additional capacity. Certain conditions must be met for parallel operation such as matching voltage, frequency, and phase sequence. Synchronization methods like lamp synchronization are described to match phase voltages before closing the bus tie. Load is shared inversely with internal impedance, and active and reactive power sharing can be controlled by varying shaft power input or excitation respectively.

Uploaded by

Chirag Bafna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Parallel Operation of Alternator

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 1


Need Of Parallel Operation
1. Continuity in supply system:
If one is out of order then the power supply can be maintained with the help of another alternator.
2. More Efficiency:
The efficiency of alternator is maximum at full load. Therefore we can put ON required number of alternators as per load demand
and operate the alternators at full load capacity.
3. Maintenance and repair:
With more number of alternators in parallel, any one can be taken out of maintenance and repair without disturbing the supply.
4. Standby of reserved unit:
In case of number of small alternators in parallel, The standby alternator required is also of small capacity.
5. Future expansion:
Considering the probable increasing in demand in future, some additional units are installed and can be connected in parallel.
6. Saving In Fuel:
Since almost all alternators are operated on full load no any one alternator operates lightly loaded.

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 2


Conditions of parallel operation of 3-ph alternator

1. The phase sequence of both 3-ph alternators must be same.


2. The AC voltages of both 3-ph alternators should be equal.
3. The frequencies of both 3-ph alternators must be equal.
4. Phase voltages of both 3-ph alternators must be in proper phase relation or polarity of phase
voltages of both 3-ph alternators must be identical.

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 3


Synchronizing of three phase alternators

There are three method

1. Three Dark Lamp Method

2. Two Bright, One Dark Method

3. Synchroscope

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 4


Synchronizing of three phase alternators by Lamp Method

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 5


To synchronize an alternator to busbar, following conditions must be satisfied:
1) Alternator voltage is equal to the busbar voltage.
2) Frequency of alternator voltage is equal to the busbar voltage frequency.
3) Alternator phase voltage is in phase with the respective busbar phase voltage.
4) Phase sequence of alternator should be same as that of busbar.

If the above conditions are satisfied, then it is necessary to synchronize one phase of alternator (say phase R) to
corresponding phase R of busbar. The other two phases will then synchronized automatically.

In Lamp method, three lamps are connected across synchronizing triple pole switch between bus-bar and alternator.
Depending upon the lamp connections and their indication at the instant of synchronizing, there are three methods:
1) Two Bright, One Dark Lamp Method (refer circuit shown above)
2) Three (All) Dark Lamp Method
3) Three (All) Bright Lamp Method
PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 6
The synchronizing triple pole switch is provided to connect three phase terminals of alternator to corresponding phase
terminals of busbar.
The synchronizing triple pole switch is closed only when it is ensured that the instantaneous phase voltages of
alternator are equal to corresponding phase voltages of busbar and are varying in the same fashion.
The following table shows the details about the connections and indication of lamps at the instant of synchronization.

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 7


1. The above diagram shows the voltage phasor group R1Y1B1 of alternator and RYB of busbar.
2. The connections of lamps L1, L2, and L3 are shown for two bright, one-dark lamp method.
3. If the voltages are assumed equal but the frequencies are slightly different with alternator assumed faster, then the
phasors R1Y1B1 will rotate faster than phasors RYB in anticlockwise direction.
PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 8
4. At the shown positions of phasors, it is seen that:
(i) The voltage across L1 i.e VR-B1 is about to become maximum, the lamp L1 is about to glow maximum bright.
(ii) The voltage across L2 i.e VY-Y1 is increas towards maximum, the lamp L2 glows with brightness increasing
towards max.
(iii) The voltage across L3 i.e VB-R1 is decreasing and will become zero when R1 phasor coincides with B phasor.
Thus the lamp L3 glows with brightness decreasing towards dark.
5. If the lamps are arranged at the vortex of triangle, we can see that the glowing brightness of the lamp follow the
sequence L1 – L2 – L3 and so on.
6. Thus if the alternator is faster, the lamps glow up and become dark in the sequence L1 – L2 – L3. If the alternator
is slower, the sequence get reversed i.e L1 – L3 – L2.
7. However, if slowly the corresponding phasors coincide i.e R with R1, Y with Y1 and B with B1, that particular
instant is the synchronization instant.
8. At this instant, the lamps L1 and L3 glow equally bright, whereas the lamp L2 becomes dark. At this instant the
synchronizing switch is closed and the alternator get connected to the busbar.
PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 9
Concept of Load Sharing
1. Consider two machines operating in parallel with a common terminal voltage of V volts and load impedance Z, as shown in
the figure.
2. Let the generated emfs of the machines 1 and 2 be E1 and E2 respectively and synchronous impedances per phase be Z1 and Z2
respectively.
3. The total load current I is shared by two machines by supplying currents I1 and I2 respectively. Thus the load sharing can be
expressed as,

I = I1 + I2 (phasor sum)

The common terminal voltage can be obtained as,

𝐕 = 𝐄𝟏 − 𝐈𝟏𝐙𝟏 = 𝐄𝟐 − 𝐈𝟐 𝐙𝟐

4It is seen that for equal emfs (i.e E1 = E2 = E) the load shared by
a machine is inversely proportional to its internal synchronous
impedance.

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 10


For every alternator, two inputs are available:
i) Shaft power input from prime mover
ii) Excitation input from DC supply

A) Effect of change in shaft power input:


1. When shaft power input to a machine is increased, its active power input is increased.
2. Since the machines are synchronized, their speed cannot change, but the emf of the machine which receives
additional active power through shaft get advanced due to the angular advancement of its rotor.
3. Consequently, the active power output of the machine is increased.
4. Thus by changing the shaft power input of the alternator, the load (active power output) taken up by the alternator
can be modified, but the reactive power sharing remains same

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 11


B) Effect of change in excitation:
1. When the excitation of the alternator is increased, the emf of that alternator is increased.
2. Consequently, the current shared by that alternator is increased.
3. But the power factor of the current is so changed that the active power output remains unchanged.
4. However, the reactive power output of the alternator is increased.
5. Thus by changing the excitation, the power factor and reactive power sharing can be modified, but the active
power sharing remains same.

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 12


Thank you…

PREPARED BY: MR. N. M. GHOGARE 13

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