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Lecture 1 Motion in 1 Direction

1. Physics is the study of the universe and its laws, including classical mechanics, relativity, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, and quantum mechanics. 2. Classical mechanics concerns the motion of macroscopic objects moving at speeds much slower than the speed of light. It studies concepts like position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and free fall. 3. The motion of freely falling objects, such as objects thrown up or down, is described by kinematic equations that relate the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time of an object experiencing constant acceleration due to gravity.

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43 views

Lecture 1 Motion in 1 Direction

1. Physics is the study of the universe and its laws, including classical mechanics, relativity, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, and quantum mechanics. 2. Classical mechanics concerns the motion of macroscopic objects moving at speeds much slower than the speed of light. It studies concepts like position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and free fall. 3. The motion of freely falling objects, such as objects thrown up or down, is described by kinematic equations that relate the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time of an object experiencing constant acceleration due to gravity.

Uploaded by

Janine Borras
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1: Mechanics

Introduction to Physics
• Physics is the most fundamental physical science
• Concerns with understanding the universe and everything it contains and the laws it obeys
• Has 6 main areas:
1. classical mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of objects that are large relative to
atoms and move at speeds much slower than the speed of light;
2. relativity, which is a theory describing objects moving at any speed, even speeds
approaching the speed of light;
3. thermodynamics, which deals with heat, work, temperature, and the statistical behavior of
systems with large numbers of particles;
4. electromagnetism, which is concerned with electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic fields;
5. optics, which is the study of the behavior of light and its interaction with materials;
6. quantum mechanics, a collection of theories connecting the behavior of matter at the submicroscopic
level to macroscopic observations.
Motion in One Dimension
• In the study of translational motion, we use what is called the particle
model
• we describe the moving object as a particle regardless of its size
• a particle is a point-like object—that is, an object with mass but having
infinitesimal size
• Position of a particle - location of the particle with respect to a
chosen reference point that we can consider to be the origin of a
coordinate system
• Displacement of a particle is defined as its change in position in some
time interval (∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 , a vector quantity)
• Distance is the length of a path followed by a particle
• The average velocity 𝑣𝑥ҧ of a particle is defined as the particle’s
displacement ∆𝑥 divided by the time interval ∆𝑡 during which that
displacement occurs (a vector qty)
∆𝑥
𝑣𝑥ҧ =
∆𝑡
• The average speed of a particle, a scalar quantity, is defined as the
total distance traveled divided by the total time interval required to
travel that distance:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

• the instantaneous velocity 𝑣𝑥 equals the limiting value of the ratio


∆𝑥/∆𝑡 as ∆𝑡 approaches zero:
∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Acceleration
• The average acceleration 𝑎ത𝑥 of the particle is defined as the change in
velocity ∆𝑣𝑥 divided by the time interval ∆𝑥 during which that change
occurs:
∆𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖
𝑎ത𝑥 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
• the instantaneous acceleration as the limit of the average acceleration
as ∆𝑡 approaches zero:
∆𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝑎𝑥 = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• For the case of motion in a straight line, the direction of the velocity
of an object and the direction of its acceleration are related as
follows.
• When the object’s velocity and acceleration are in the same direction, the
object is speeding up.
• On the other hand, when the object’s velocity and acceleration are in
opposite directions, the object is slowing down.
One-Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration
𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡
𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓
𝑣𝑥ҧ =
2
1
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑡
2
1 1
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2 2
1 1 𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓
2 2 𝑎𝑥
2 2
𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
Freely Falling Objects
• Free fall – motion of a particle under the influence of gravity, in which
the air resistance is considered absent
• A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence
of gravity alone, regardless of its initial motion.
• Objects thrown upward or downward and those released from rest
are all falling freely once they are released.
• Any freely falling object experiences an acceleration directed
downward, regardless of its initial motion
• Downward acceleration is 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 = −9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus

∆𝑥 = ෍ 𝑣𝑥𝑛
ҧ ∆𝑡𝑛
𝑛 𝑡𝑓
ҧ ∆𝑡𝑛 = න 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑡
∆𝑥 = lim ෍ 𝑣𝑥𝑛
∆𝑡𝑛 →0 𝑡𝑖
𝑛
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑣𝑥 − 𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝑎𝑥 = ; 𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖 = න 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 → 𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑥 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 0 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝑣𝑥 = ; 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 = න 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = න (𝑣𝑥𝑖 +𝑎𝑥 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 +
𝑑𝑡 0 0 2
1
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2

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