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Class 5 Noise

This document discusses noise in cascaded amplifiers. It explains that when transferring a noise resistance from the output of one stage to the input of the next, it must be divided by the square of the voltage gain of the stage. An example is provided to demonstrate calculating the equivalent input noise resistance of a two-stage amplifier. The document also discusses noise in reactive circuits and calculating noise figure and noise temperature.

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Al Amin
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1K views14 pages

Class 5 Noise

This document discusses noise in cascaded amplifiers. It explains that when transferring a noise resistance from the output of one stage to the input of the next, it must be divided by the square of the voltage gain of the stage. An example is provided to demonstrate calculating the equivalent input noise resistance of a two-stage amplifier. The document also discusses noise in reactive circuits and calculating noise figure and noise temperature.

Uploaded by

Al Amin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Addition of Noise due to Several Amplifiers in

Cascade

Fig: Noise of several amplifying stages in cascade.


Consider the Two-stage amplifier of previous Fig. The gain of the
first stage is A1 and that of the second is A2 .

The first stage has a total input-noise resistance R1, the second R2
and the output resistance is R3. The rms noise voltage at the output
due to R3 is

The same noise voltage would be present at the output if there


were no R3 there, instead R3 was present at the input of stage 2,
such that
where R3‘ is the resistance which if placed at the input of the
second stage would produce the same noise voltage at the output
as does R3 Therefore

The above equation shows that when a noise resistance is


"transferred" from the output of a stage to its input, it must be
divided by the square of the voltage gain of the stage.
Example: The first stage of a two-stage amplifier has a voltage
gain of 10, a 600-Ω input resistor, a 1600-Ω equivalent noise
resistance and a 27-kΩ output resistor. For the second stage, these
values are 25, 81 kΩ, 10 kΩ and 1 megaohm (1 MΩ),
respectively. Calculate the equivalent input-noise resistance of
this two-stage amplifier.

Note that the 1-MΩ output resistor has the same noise effect as
a 16-Ω resistor at the input.
Noise in Reactive Circuits

Fig: Noise in a tuned circuit.


The noise current in the circuit will be

where v is the noise voltage across a tuned circuit due to its internal
resistance, and R is the equivalent parallel impedance of the tuned
circuit at resonance.
Calculation of Noise Figure:

Noise Figure From Equivalent Noise Resistance


Example: Calculate the noise figure of the amplifier of the
previous example if it is driven by a generator whose output
impedance is 50Ω. (Note that this constitutes is large enough
mismatch.)

Note that if an " equivalent noise resistance" is given without any


other comment in connection with noise figure calculations, it
may be assumed to be Req‘.
NOISE TEMPERATURE:

The concept of noise figure, although frequently used, is not


always the most convenient measure of noise, particularly in
dealing with UHF and microwave low-noise antennas, receivers
or devices.

Controversy exists regarding which is the better all-around


measurement, but noise temperature, derived from early work in
radio astronomy, is employed extensively for antennas and low-
noise microwave amplifiers.
where P1 and P2 ' two individual noise powers (e.g., received by
the antenna and generated by the antenna, respectively) and P, is
their sum.

T1 and T2 is the individual noise temperatures T is the "total"


noise temperature.
Example: A receiver connected to an antenna whose resistance is
50 Ω has an equivalent noise resistance of 30 Ω. Calculate the
receiver's noise figure in decibels and its equivalent noise
temperature.

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