DOCKS - FUNCTIONS

Docks are enclosed

areas for berthing
ships, to keep them
afloat at a uniform
level, to facilitate
loading and
unloading for cargo
and passengers and
repair of vessels.
 DOCKS - TYPES
Docks are classified in two categories:
1. Wet Docks (Harbour Docks)
2. Dry Docks
 DOCKS – TYPES(General)
Wet Dock Dry Dock
• Docks which are used • Docks which are used
for berthing of vessels for repairs of vessels
to facilitate loading and
unloading of passengers
and cargo
 DOCKS - TYPES
1. Wet Docks

A wet dock is a dock where the level of water in

the dock is maintained despite the raising and
lowering of the tide.

This makes transfer of cargo easier. It works like a

lock which controls the water level and allows
passage of ships.
Wet docks are large areas of water bounded by
vertical solid walls against which vessels tie up.
 DOCKS – TYPES (Wet dock)
The walls must be
impermeable to retain
the water at high tide
level.

Locks are provided if

entry to the dock is
desired at times other
than high tide
Wet Dock
 DOCKS – TYPES (dry dock)
2.Dry Docks

A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that can

be flooded to allow a load to be floated in,
then drained to allow that load to come to rest
on a dry platform.

Dry docks are used for the construction,

maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and
other watercraft.
 DOCKS – TYPES (Dry Docks)
 Excavated chamber, having side
walls, a semi- circular end wall
and a floor. The open end of the
chamber is provided with a gate
and acts as the entrance to the
dock.
 The docks is constructed of
concrete or masonry and stepped
stone sides are of granite to
withstand heavy wear. Suitable
culverts are also provided on
walls for filling and emptying the
dock.
 DOCKS – TYPES (Dry Docks)
Method of Dry Docking
 The ship enters the dock on adjusting the water level
inside the dock to that outside, when the entrance
gate is closed.
 The water inside the dock is now pumped out by
powerful pumps, the ship being kept vertical and
central by the shores between the ship’s siders and
altar steps while slowly being lowered on to the keel
and bilge blocks on which it comes to rest.
Dry Docks
Dry Docks
Wet Dock
 CLASSIFICATION OF WET DOCKS
Wet dock in tidal basins Wet docks enclosed or
impounded basins
 Harbors are prone to be  Docks are enclosed and
affected by the tides, which shut off by entrances by
may cause changes in the water locks to maintain a fairly
level uniform level of water
 Thus in ports on the sea coast  The docks are formed by
protected by the outlying enclosures where the tidal
breakwater, basins are formed ranges are very marked and
within its shelter. In these large
basins, pier walls are projected  The water level in the
at right angles to the shore enclosures should be
alongside which vessels can lie maintained at constant level
and discharge their cargos by providing locks and gates
 WET DOCKS IN TIDAL BASIN -
ADVANTAGES
1. Vessel can come in and berth or leave at all
times.

2. Costly arrangements like lock gates for the

closing of the entrances are not required.
 WET DOCKS IN TIDAL BASIN -
DISADVANTAGES

1. If the range of tide is more, the operation of

loading & unloading are seriously affected.

2. The fluctuations in water level will cause the

rubbing of sides of ships against the wall
 ENCLOSED WET DOCKS -
ADVANTAGES
1. Uniform level of water is maintained which is
very convenient for handling cargo

2. It prevents the rubbing of the sides of the

ships against quay wall

3. Effect of storms in the outer sea and harbour

do not obstruct the dock enclosure.
 ENCLOSED WET DOCKS -
DISADVANTAGES
1. Costly arrangements have to be provided for
lock and lock gates

2. More time will be required for entry and exit

for ships.
FORM & ARRANGEMENT OF BASINS &
DOCKS
The exact arrangement and form must depend
upon the available site.

The object to be aimed at in the design is to

obtain the maximum length of quay in
proportion to the water area of the basin or
dock
FORM & ARRANGEMENT OF BASINS
& DOCKS
1. Approach to basin & dock

Must be sheltered The cost of dredging

one and should be of forms an important item
adequate length. in the budget provisions of
Most of the port any port
requires dredging to In certain ports, docks
be done so as to are approached only at
keep the approach high tides because the
navigable . approach channel cannot
be navigated at low tides
 FORM & ARRANGEMENT OF BASINS
& DOCKS
2. Depth of docks and basins
 should be capable of accommodating the largest
vessel likely to visit the port

3. Shape of dock & basin

 These should be of shapes formed by straight lines,
as curved lines are not suitable for ships to stand
alongside
 FORM & ARRANGEMENT OF BASINS
& DOCKS- Shape of dock & basin
3.1 Rectangular shape:
 the length and breadth could be adjusted to
give maximum quayage
 FORM & ARRANGEMENT OF BASINS
& DOCKS- Shape of dock & basin
3.2. Diamond shape
For the same perpendicular distance between
the long sides, the long sides could be
conveniently extended
 FORM & ARRANGEMENT OF BASINS
& DOCKS- Shape of dock & basin
3.3. Inclined Pier Shaped
 consists of a number of projecting piers into
the basin or dock
 FORM & ARRANGEMENT OF BASINS
& DOCKS
4. Location
 could be located on inland ports of rivers, at
estuaries or on open sea coast.
 FORM & ARRANGEMENT OF BASINS
& DOCKS
5. Internal arrangements
 separate docks are required for different
kinds of cargo
eg: coal and oil should be dealt separately away
from general or food cargo
 FORM & ARRANGEMENT OF BASINS
& DOCKS
6. Other Aspects
 availability of fresh water to replace leakage
and fouled water from docks.
Approach must be sheltered and of sufficient
depth
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF DOCK WALL
1. Design Conditions Typical Section of a dock
The walls are designed as gravity wall
retaining wall section. They
should satisfy the following
conditions:
1. Dock empty to withstand
pressure of back fill.
2. Dock full with back fill
removed.
3. Thickness at top should be
sufficient to resist the
shock of contact with
ships.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF DOCK WALL
1. Design Conditions Typical Section of a dock
4. Dock wall has to carry additional wall
concentrated loads like crane
foundations and capstans or
bollard fixtures for mooring
ships.
5. Surcharge loads in the shape of
loaded vehicles or trains on the
quay adjacent to the wall.
6. Water front side of the dock
wall must have fenders to
protect the wall structure from
the impacts of loaded ships.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF DOCK WALL

2. Design Load Typical Section of a dock

I. Live load wall
II. Dead load
III. Earth pressure
IV. Static water pressure
V. Dynamic water pressure
VI. Uplift pressure
VII. Impact pressure due to ship
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF DOCK WALL

3. Effect of load
If water accumulates at the back of the wall, the material
will exert a pressure corresponding to a fluid whose density
is equal to the density of the mixture of silt and water. The
pressure behind the wall may cause the dock wall either:
I.To slide forward, or
II.To rotate about the front toe, or
III.To sink at the toe due to increase in pressure
above the bearing capacity of soil or
IV.To develop tension in the joint
 DOCK ENTRANCES
Vessels can enter docks either directly or
through locks. In either case, gates are
provided for dock entrances.
Types of gates used are
1. Wooden or iron gates
2. Caissons
 DOCK ENTRANCES (Wooden or iron gates)
 adopted for locks
DOCK ENTRANCES (Wooden or
iron gates)
LOCK OPERATION – STEP 1
LOCK OPERATION – STEP 2
LOCK OPERATION – STEP 3
LOCK OPERATION – STEP 4
LOCK OPERATION – STEP 5
 DOCK ENTRANCES(Caissons)
Two types:
1. Sliding Caisson
2. Ship Caisson
 Dock Entrances (Sliding Caissons)
 Consists of a box shaped steel structure stiffened
internally with proper bracing

 Provided with steel keels sliding on smooth granite

floor

 Caissons could be moved on rollers and rails

 Entrance is opened by hauling the caisson into a

recess provided in the side wall of the dock

 Caisson also serves as bridge across the dock entrance

 Dock Entrances (Sliding Caissons)

Sliding Caissons
 Dock Entrances (Ship Caissons)
 Resembles the outline of a ship in cross-section and is
constructed of steel at proper intervals
 It is floated into position and sunk into specially
prepared grooves in the dock sides and sill.
 The sinking and raising of this caisson is done by
ballasting and unballasting respectively.
 This type does not require any gate recess or
machinery for moving
Dock Entrances (Ship Caissons)

Ship Caissons
 REPAIRING FACILITIES
REPAIRING DOCK
• Expose each and every part of ship in
broad day light atmosphere, with good
ventilation for quick drying of colours
applied to different parts of ships.

 Repairing
1. Fixed Form
2. Movable Form
 CLASSIFICATION OF REPAIRING
FACILITIES
1. Repairing facilities in fixed form
I. Graving dry dock
II. Marine railway dry dock / slipway
III. Lift lock
2. Repairing facilities in movable form
I. Floating Dock
II. Depositing Dock
1. MARINE RAILWAY DRY DOCK / SLIPWAY
 A marine railway is a mechanical
means of hoisting a ship out of
the water along an inclined
plane.

 Lift capacities range from 100 to

6,000 tons.

 Theoretically, even larger sizes

are possible, but generally the
floating dock becomes a more
economical alternative.
 MARINE RAILWAY DRY DOCK / SLIPWAY

 The cradle, which rolls on rollers or

wheels, is lowered into the water
along an inclined track until
sufficient water over the cradle is
achieved.
 The ship is floated over the cradle
and tied to the uprights. The cradle
is hauled up the track and the vessel
grounds onto the blocks.
 After complete grounding on the
keel blocks, the side blocks are
brought to bear and the hauling
continues until the cradle is full up.
 SLIPWAY - ADVANTAGES
Low initial construction cost
 Fast operating
The track slope can fit the natural slope of the
shore in many cases. This eliminates or
reduces dredging or bulk-heading
requirements.
 Vessels can be transferred to and from the
shore relatively easily.
 SLIPWAY - DISADVANTAGES

 It is a mechanical system that requires

periodic replacement of some moving parts
(hauling chains, rollers, etc.)

Underwater maintenance is required.

 The vessels can damage the track.

MARINE RAILWAY - COMPONENTS
A marine railway dry dock consists of:
 Cradle
 Inclined track on a foundation
 Hauling chain
 Hauling machine
MARINE RAILWAY - COMPONENTS
 SLIPWAY - LENGTH
L  2l  (d  h) cos ec  K

where
l = length of the longest vessel to be slipped
d = draft of the vessel
h = height from slipway deck to the block on the cradle
θ = inclination of the slipway with horizontal. Usually tan θ =
1/15
K = a constant varying from 2 to 5
 2. FLOATING DRY DOCK
 It may be defined as a
floating vessel which can
lift a ship out of water
and retain it above water
by means of its own
buoyancy
 It is a hollow structure of
steel or reinforced
cement concrete
consisting of 2 side walls
and a floor, with the ends
open.
 FLOATING DRY DOCK
• To receive a ship, the
structure is sunk to required
depth by ballasting its
interior chambers with
water, the ship in then
floated into position and
berthed. The dock is raised
bodily with the berthed ship
by unballasting the
chambers by pumping out
the water
FLOATING DRY DOCK -
COMPONENTS

Floating dry docks consist of

2 main parts
1.Pontoon
2.Wingwalls.
 FLOATING DRY DOCK - COMPONENTS
 Pontoons are the main supporting body that must
displace the weight of the vessel & dry dock in order to
lift the vessel using buoyancy.

 The pontoon must distribute the concentrated load of

the ship along the dock’s center line to the uniform
buoyant support of the water pressure by its transverse
strength.
FLOATING DRY DOCK - COMPONENTS
 The wing walls provide stability when the pontoon is
submerged and the longitudinal strength to distribute
the irregular ship weight to the uniform buoyant
support.

 Stability can be critical in floating docks with small wing

walls or having walls that do not extend the length of
the dock.
 FLOATING DRY DOCK - TYPES
1. Rigid Type Floating Docks
• In this type the side walls are
rigidly fixed to the pontoon
or bottom section
• The floor portion is divided
into a number of chambers,
so as to assist in canting the
dock if necessary to berth
damaged ships, by partial
unballasting of the chambers
 FLOATING DRY DOCK - TYPES

2. Self Docking Type Floating

Docks
• This type is divided into
sections longitudinally, and
one of which is capable of
being lifted and docked on the
remainder of the dock for the
purpose of cleaning, painting
or repairing
 FLOATING DRY DOCK - TYPES

3. Self docking offshore

type floating docks
• This type has no side wall on
water side and has an L
shaped cross section.
• The side walls is connected to
the shore by hinged parallel
booms capable of lifting or
lowering the dock.
• The ship to be docked, could
be brought on to the dock
from either end or sideways
 DREDGING
 Draft for a ship is the vertical linear immersion of ship
floating in stable condition safely.

 Navigable depth of water = draft +vertical clearance at

bottom of ship.

 If the navigable depth required > depth of water available

at site , ship cannot enter the harbour.

 In order to provide an access for sea traffic, the basin

characteristics should be modified, ie excavation of bed
below water. This known as dredging.
 DREDGING

 Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually

carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas
or freshwater areas with the purpose of gathering
up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a
different location. This technique is often used to keep
waterways navigable.
 DREDGER

A dredgers is a piece of equipment which can

dig, transport and dump a certain amount of
under water laying soil in a certain time
 DREDGER - TYPES

• The quantity of soil moved per unit of time is

called Production.
• Dredgers can dig hydraulically or mechanically.
 DREDGER - TYPES
• Hydraulic digging make use of the erosive working of a
water flow. For instance, a water flow generated by a
dredge pump is lead via suction mouth over a sand bed.
The flow will erode the sand bed and forms a sand-
water mixture before it enters the suction pipe.

• Hydraulic digging is mostly done with special water jets.

Hydraulic digging is mostly done in cohesionless soils
such as silt, sand and gravel.
 DREDGER - TYPES
• Mechanical digging by knives, teeth or cutting edges
of dredging equipment is apply to cohesive soils.

• The transport of the dredged soil can be done

hydraulically or mechanically too, ether continuously
or discontinuously
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES
MECHANICAL DREDGERS

Bucket ladder Dredge Grab Dredge

Dipper & Back hoe dredge

 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES
HYDRAULIC DREDGERS

Cutter Dredge
Plain Suction Dredge

Trailing Suction Hopper

Dredge
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES

1. Dipper dredge
2. Grapple dredge
3. Continuous bucket elevator/ ladder dredge
4. Hydraulic or suction dredge
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES -
DIPPER DREDGE
 It consists of floating vessel strongly
constructed, carrying an inclined
frame A in the bow to hold the
boom B by guy wires.
 Through the middle of the boom
runs a dipper bucket, worked by a
rack and pinion arrangement and to
the end of which is rigidly attached
the dipper bucket K, with a flap
 A hoist cable is fixed to the bucket,
to move it up or down
 The vessel is fixed to the bed in
position by means of three stakes
during dredging operations.
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES -
DIPPER DREDGE
Dipper Dredge

Dipper Dredge
Scooping It Up

Deep Bite By
Dipper Dredge
 DIPPER DREDGE - OPERATION

 The hoist cable is released, to enable the bucket

to reach the bed .

 By applying a continuous force on the stick

through the rack and pinion arrangement helps
the teeth of the bucket to bite into soil.

 The hoist cable is slowly pulled resulting in a cut

being made in the bed.
 DIPPER DREDGE - OPERATION

 The hoisting is continued and the bucket is

hauled out of water.

 The boom is swung round to deposit the

material in bucket in a predetermined place
by opening flap

 The boom is swung back and the dipper is

lowered in preparation of new cut
 DIPPER DREDGE - ADVANTAGES
1. Easy maneuverability - Suitable in confined spaces
around docks and narrow channels

2. Very powerful and capable of excavating in hard

soil, for removal of boulders, and breaking of heavy
objects like old piles, cribs etc.

3. This can dig in depths upto 15 m of water

4. Capacity varies from 1 to 4 m3

5. Can excavate soil and deposit on either on bank or

on floating barge
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES -
GRAPPLE DREDGE
 Consists of a hull, to
the front of which are
fixed A frame and a
boom B.
 The frame is guyed
back, by back legs.
 A grab bucket K is
suspended by two
cable lines HH called
the opening and
closing lines
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES -
GRAPPLE DREDGE
The boom is fixed at the required
elevation by means of a guy wire
and arranged to rotate through a
horizontal angle on a pivot at the
lower end.

The bucket hoisting lines pass

over two main sheaves (pulley)
fixed to the upper end of the
boom

The dredge is moored by the help

of stakes fixed fore and aft
GRAPPLE DREDGE
 GRAPPLE DREDGE - OPERATION
 After positioning the dredge, a scow is brought
alongside and tied fast to it, on right side.
 The bucket is lowered to the bottom, where it bites
the bed and fills itself.
 Tension is put on the closing cable, which closes the
bucket, hoist the load and swings the boom
horizontally to the right.

Scow- a large flat-bottomed boat with broad square ends used chiefly
for transporting bulk material (as ore, sand, or refuse
 GRAPPLE DREDGE - OPERATION
 When the boom reaches over to the scow, the
tensions in the cables are reversed, results in
opening and discharging of bucket.

 The boom swings back to the digging position and

the above procedure is repeated
 GRAPPLE DREDGE - ADVANTAGES
1. Very efficient and suitable for dredging materials
like sand, clay or mud.
2. Not good for hard digging
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES -
CONTINUOUS BUCKET ELEVATOR OR
LADDER DREDGE
Consists of an endless chain of buckets, mounted and
running round a ladder, formed in the middle of the
bow of a floating vessel.
The ladder could be lowered or raised.
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES -
CONTINUOUS BUCKET ELEVATOR OR
LADDER DREDGE
 The chain of the bucket
is operated manually
or mechanically by a
big wheel.
 The buckets are
provided with pronged
cutting edges
CONTINUOUS BUCKET ELEVATOR OR
LADDER DREDGE
 CONTINUOUS BUCKET ELEVATOR OR
LADDER DREDGE - OPERATION
 Each bucket cuts and brings up material to the top of
the ladder as the chain moves round, where each
bucket inverts on descent and discharges its contents
into special holes H H.
 The vessel moves forward on completion of work at
each section. (size of vessel- 60 m length; 15 m width:
2.5 m to 3m draft)
 Used for digging depths of 9 to 12 m.
 Capacity 6000 to 7650 m3 per day
 CONTINUOUS BUCKET ELEVATOR OR
LADDER DREDGE - ADVANTAGES

 Suitable for handling - Coarse gravel or sand, hard

clays and even soft or broken stone, at fairly good
depths
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES -
HYDRAULIC OR SUCTION DREDGE

 Consists of a suction pipe,

carrying at lower end a
cutter of some sort and
having a universal joint at
the top.

 The pipe is supported on a

ladder and held in position
by an A frame mounted on
the bow of the dredging
vessel.
 TYPES OF DREDGING DEVICES -
HYDRAULIC OR SUCTION DREDGE
The suction pipe is connected to a centrifugal
pump located amidships having a long flexible
delivery pipe discharging into hopper barges
alongside the vessel itself or on to specially
selected spot on shore, needing reclaiming or
filling
HYDRAULIC OR SUCTION DREDGE
HYDRAULIC OR SUCTION DREDGE
- OPERATION
The hull carries the
suction pipe on a ladder
in the bow and the
pumping machinery is
housed in the middle of
the ship with its delivery
pipe discharging into
hopper barges floating
behind the dredging
vessel.
 HYDRAULIC OR SUCTION DREDGE
- OPERATION
 The cutter is
suspended from a
frame in front and
the vessels is moored
by anchors.
 The cutter rotates,
cuts and loosens the
soil for quick and easy
suction by the pump.
HYDRAULIC OR SUCTION DREDGE
- OPERATION
The cut up material is well churned in the
operation and mixed with water to facilitate
suction

 Size : Length - 45 m to 140m

 Width - 9 to 30 m

 Digging depth 4.5 to 15 m

HYDRAULIC OR SUCTION DREDGE
- ADVANTAGE
Very effective in the beds of sand, silt, mud
and clay in open water and is an excellent
machine to clear sand bars.

The gravels and soft rocks are easily

reduced by the cutter.