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Color Rendering Index

This document discusses various types of lamps, including their construction, operating characteristics, and properties. It provides details on incandescent, fluorescent, and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Key information includes the color rendering index (CRI) of different lamp types, spectral power distribution curves, rated life, and factors that affect lamp life. Equations are given for calculating the time until lamp replacement and cost over time for incandescent and fluorescent lamps.

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Shayne Mayores
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387 views

Color Rendering Index

This document discusses various types of lamps, including their construction, operating characteristics, and properties. It provides details on incandescent, fluorescent, and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Key information includes the color rendering index (CRI) of different lamp types, spectral power distribution curves, rated life, and factors that affect lamp life. Equations are given for calculating the time until lamp replacement and cost over time for incandescent and fluorescent lamps.

Uploaded by

Shayne Mayores
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Method of numerically comparing the color

distribution of a light source to a reference


lamp.
Lamp Type Approximate CRI

Natural light 100

Incandescent 95-99

Fluorescent 22-92

Mercury vapor 15-50

Metal halide I65-75

High-pressure sodium 20-25

Low-pressure sodium 0
 A lamp with a higher CRI more closely
emulates the reference lamp and provides a
better color rendition.
 A lamp with good color distribution has a CRI
of at least 80.
 However, the principal drawback of the CRI is
that it does not specify deficiencies in a
specific color.
 A spectral power distribution curve is a
graphic presentation of the quantities of light
emitted by a lamp by wavelength component.
 A spectral power distribution curve of an
ordinary household incandescent lamp will
typically show a large increase in radiant power
from 380 nm to 780 nm.
 This type of lamp illuminates yellow-, orange-,
and red-colored objects very well. Violets and
blues are not illuminated as well.
 In contrast, the monochromatic low-
pressure sodium lamps that are frequently
used to illuminate street intersections
typically have a spectral power distribution
curve that is concentrated between 589 nm
and 589.6 nm.
 This lamp renders all surfaces in an orange-
yellow version of blacks and white.
 The rated life of a lamp is its median life
expectancy, expressed in hours.
 For example, a 60 W soft white incandescent
lamp can be expected, on average, to burn
for 1000 hr. Based on continuous testing of
lamps in laboratories, the 1000-hr rating is
the point in time when 50% of the test
samples have burned out and 50% are still
burning.
 Rated life is difficult to determine because
these lamp types will continue to emit light
but get dimmer and dimmer with time—that
is, they do not burn out.
 Information on rated lamp life is available
from the lamp manufacturer.
 Lamp life generally decreases each time a
lamp is switched on and off.
 Life of incandescent lamps will be affected by
the voltage they operate at versus the
voltage for which they were designed.
 Life of fluorescent and HID is greatly affected
by type of ballast.
 Lamp and ballast must be matched to ensure
proper operation.
High-intensity
discharge lamps (HID lamps)
are a type of electrical gas-
discharge lamp which
produces light by means of an
electric arc between tungsten
electrodes housed inside a
translucent or transparent fused
quartz or fused alumina arc
tube.
 A lamp manufacturer’s specifications for a;

40 W fluorescent lamp indicates an output of


2680 lm, a rated life of 20 000 hr and a cost of
$6.00 per lamp.

Data for a 150 W incandescent lamp indicates


an output of 2850 lm, a rated life of 750 hr, and a
cost of $2.00 per lamp.

When in use, it is anticipated that these lamps


will be operated 10 hr per day, 220 days per year
 A. For each lamp, approximate the time
period that elapses before replacement is
necessary.
150 W incandescent lamp:
750 hr/(220 days/year 10 hr/day)
=0.34 years (4.1 months)
40 W fluorescent lamp:
20 000 hr/(220 days/year 10 hr/day)
=9.1 years (110 months)
 B. Approximate the cost of each type of lamp over a
10-year period, assuming use and lamp costs remain
constant.
150 W incandescent lamp:
10 years/0.34 years per lamp = 29.4 lamps
29.4 lamps over 10 years @ $2.00 per lamp = $58.80
40 W fluorescent lamp:
10 years/9.1 years per lamp = 1.1 lamps
1.1 lamps over 10 years @ $6.00 per lamp = $6.60
 As lamps operate, the luminous flux (lumen
output) will decrease.
 Lumen depreciation will also be affected by
dirt and dust in the environment.
 Usually planned maintenance programs are
established to replace lamps at the end of
their useful life to maintain proper
illumination levels.
 There are hundreds of commercially available
lamps, they can be categorized into three
groups by their construction and operating
characteristics:

incandescent
fluorescent
HID.
 Emit visible light as a result of heating; they
incandesce.
 They are the most familiar source of light and
are known as a “light bulb” by the lay
consumer.
 Incandescent lamps offer advantages of low
lamp cost, reliability, familiarity, and good
color rendition, but they have a short rated
life and poor efficacy (LPW).
 They are ideal for applications needing
excellent color rendition such as retail,
furniture, clothing and grocery stores, hair and
beauty salons, restaurants, and art studios.
 Incandescent filaments can reach
temperatures of between 4600 and 6000°F
(2300 to 3000 K).
 Most of the radiation emitted from an
incandescent lamp is infrared radiation.
 The lamp’s warm yellow glow has been accepted
as the standard for indoor lighting.
 Incandescent lamps have wattages of between 3
to 1000 W and voltages of 6 to 277 V; the 120, 125,
and 130 V lamps are the most common.
 Tungsten-halogen lamps, frequently called
halogen lamps, are a smaller, brighter, and more
expensive version of the incandescent lamp.
Lamp Designation Description of Bulb Shape

A Standard light bulb shape


ER Ellipsoidal reflector
IR Infrared reflecting
MR Multifaceted reflector
PAR Parabolic aluminized reflector
PS Pear-shaped bulb
R Reflector
T Slender, tube-shaped bulb
 Threaded or pinned bases hold the lamp in
the socket and attach the lamp to the electrical
circuit.
*medium base- familiar threaded base found
with ordinary lamps up to 300 W.
* candelabra base - is a smaller threaded base
used in ornamental lighting such as
chandeliers.
* mogul base - is a larger threaded base found
on lamps that are 300 W or greater.
 Tungsten-Halogen Lamp - a smaller,
brighter, and more expensive version of the
incandescent lamp.
 Gaseous Discharge Lamp - A gaseous
discharge is electricity passing through a gas
such that it causes the gas to arc
 A fluorescent lamp is composed of a tubular
glass bulb that is covered with a thin phosphor
coating on its inside surface.
 The glass bulb is filled with a low-pressure gas
containing mercury vapor.
 Cathodes are filament like coils at the end(s) of
the bulb that act as terminals for the electric
arc.
 Fluorescent light fixtures come in a variety of
shapes, wattages, and voltages.
 Straight-, circular-, and U-shaped tubes are available,
with the 48-in straight tube the most common.
 Fluorescent lamps are available in wattages of between
20 to 125 W and lengths of 6 to 96 in.
 The 120 V lamps are the most commonly used
fluorescent lighting in residential and light commercial
applications
 Fluorescent lamps come in a variety of colors or
temperatures such as Daylight, Cool White, Soft White,
Warm White, and Deluxe Warm White that cover the
color temperature range from 3000 to 6500 K.
 Although fluorescent lamps are more expensive
than incandescent lamps, their higher efficacy
and rated life makes them extremely cost-
effective. Additionally, fluorescent lamps
produce a diffuse light source that is relatively
glare free and visually comfortable, unlike the
concentrated light emitted by other
commercially available light sources. As a result,
these lamps have been the standard for general
classroom and office lighting for several
decades.
 Linear fluorescent lamps (LFL) are
commercially available in straight, U-shaped
of circular tubes in a variety of sizes,
wattages, voltages, colors, and types of
bases.
 A code composed of several digits is used to
identify a specific lamp. For example, the
standard lamp for general classroom and
office lighting for several decades has been
the F40T12ES
 High output (HO) and very high output (VHO)
fluorescent lamps offer higher light (lumen)
output in comparison to standard output
fluorescent lamps, but these lamps consume
more power and have significantly lower
efficacies. They are used in relamping
applications where improved light levels are
required such as warehouses, factories, and
school gymnasiums.
 Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) are
miniaturized fluorescent lamps.
 The luminaire efficacy rating (LER) is the ratio
of light (the luminous flux, in lumens) emitted by
a fluorescent luminaire to the electrical energy
consumed, including the ballast.
 LER= (EFF TLL BF)/W
Where:
EFF (luminaire efficiency) - luminaire power input
(watts).
BF (ballast factor) - are from the fixture
manufacturer’s data.
TLL (total rated lamp lumens) - is from the lamp
manufacturer’s data:
 High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps produce a
very bright light by discharging an arc when
electrical current passes through a metal gas
contained under high pressure in a glass bulb.
 include mercury vapor, metal halide, and high-
pressure sodium lamps.
 These lamps differ from fluorescent lamps in
that their gas is under higher pressure, the lamp
is physically smaller, and the emitted light is
more concentrated.

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