UNIT-1

PEHV

Presented By:
k sambasiva rao
Associate PRofessor, ECE Dept.
Bapatla Engineering College,Baptla
 The Need for Ethics

• Ethics is the study of choices people make

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 Morals
• Morals are the welfare principles enunciated by the
wise people, based on their experience and wisdom.

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 Morals
• As against morals and ethics, laws are norms,
formally approved by state, power or national
or international political bodies.
• Breaking the norms is called crime, and invite
specific punishment.

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 VALUES
• Humans have the unique ability to define their identity,
choose their values and establish their beliefs.
• All three of these directly influence a person’s
behaviour.
• A value is defined as a principle that promotes well-
being or prevents harm.” Another definition is: Values
are our guidelines for our success—our paradigm
about what is acceptable.
• ” Personal values are defined as: “Emotional beliefs in
principles regarded as particularly favorable or
important for the individual.”
• Our values associate emotions to our experiences and
guide our choices, decisions and actions.
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 Types of Values
• The five core human values are: (1) Right conduct,
(2) Peace, (3) Truth, (4) Love, and (5) Nonviolence.
1. Values related to RIGHT CONDUCT are:
• (a) SELF-HELP SKILLS: Care of possessions, diet,
hygiene, modesty, posture, self reliance, and tidy
appearance
• (b) SOCIAL SKILLS: Good behavior, good manners, good
relationships, helpfulness, No wastage, and good
environment, and
• (c) ETHICAL SKILLS: Code of conduct, courage,
dependability, duty, efficiency,

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 Types of Values
2. Values related to PEACE are:
• Attention, calmness, concentration, contentment, dignity,
discipline, equality, equanimity, faithfulness, focus, gratitude,
happiness, harmony, humility, inner silence, optimism, patience,
reflection, satisfaction, self-acceptance, self-confidence, self-
control, self-discipline, self-esteem, self-respect, sense control,
tolerance, and understanding
3. Values related to TRUTH are:
• Accuracy, curiosity, discernment, fairness, fearlessness, honesty,
integrity (unity of thought, word, and deed), intuition, justice,
optimism, purity, quest for knowledge, reason, self-analysis,
sincerity, sprit of enquiry, synthesis, trust, truthfulness, and
determination.

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 Types of Values
4. Values related to LOVE are:
• Acceptance, affection, care, compassion, consideration, dedication,
devotion, empathy, forbearance, forgiveness, friendship, generosity,
gentleness, humanness, interdependence, kindness, patience,
patriotism, reverence, sacrifice, selflessness, service, sharing,
sympathy, thoughtfulness, tolerance and trust
5. Values related to NON-VIOLENCE are:
• (a) PSYCHOLOGICAL: Benevolence, compassion, concern for others,
consideration, forbearance, forgiveness, manners, happiness, loyalty,
morality, and universal love
• (b) SOCIAL: Appreciation of other cultures and religions, brotherhood,
care of environment, citizenship, equality, harmlessness, national
awareness, perseverance, respect for property, and social justice.

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 Evolution of Human Values
The human values evolve because of the following factors:
• 1. The impact of norms of the society on the fulfilment of the
individual’s needs or desires.
• 2. Developed or modified by one’s own awareness, choice, and
judgment in fulfilling the needs.
• 3. By the teachings and practice of Preceptors (Gurus) or Saviors or
religious leaders.
• 4. Fostered or modified by social leaders, rulers of kingdom, and by
law (government).

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 ETHICS
• Ethics is the word that refers to morals, values, and beliefs of
the individuals, family or the society. The word has several
meanings.
• Basically it is an activity and process of inquiry.
• Secondly, it is different from non-moral problems, when
dealing with issues and controversies.
• Thirdly, ethics refers to a particular set of beliefs, attitudes,
and habits of individuals or family or groups concerned with
morals.
• Fourth, it is used to mean ‘morally correct’.
• The principles and practices of religions have varied from time
to time (history), region (geography, climatic conditions),
religion, society, language, caste and creed.
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 INTEGRITY
• Integrity is defined as the unity of thought, word and deed
(honesty) and open mindedness.
• It includes the capacity to communicate the factual
information so that others can make well-informed
decisions.
• It yields the person’s ‘peace of mind’, and hence adds
strength and consistency in character, decisions, and
actions.
• This paves way to one’s success.
• It is one of the self-direction virtues.
• It enthuse people not only to execute a job well but to
achieve excellence in performance.
• It helps them to own the responsibility and earn self-
respect and recognition by doing the job.
• Moral integrity is defined as a virtue, which reflects a
consistency of one’s attitudes, emotions, and conduct in
relation to justified moral values.
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 WORK ETHICS
• Industry and Society are the two systems which interact with each
other and are interdependent.
• Society requires industry/business system which provides
manufacturing, distribution and consumption activities.
• Work ethics is defined as a set of attitudes concerned with the value of
work, which forms the motivational orientation.
• The ‘work ethics’ is aimed at ensuring the economy (get job, create
wealth, earn salary), productivity (wealth, profit), safety (in workplace),
health and hygiene (working conditions), privacy (raise family), security
(permanence against contractual, pension, and retirement benefits),
cultural and social development (leisure, hobby, and happiness),
welfare (social work), environment (anti-pollution activities), and offer
opportunities for all, according to their abilities, but without
discrimination.
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 SERVICE LEARNING
• Service learning refers to learning the service policies, procedures,
norms, and conditions, other than ‘the technical trade practices’.
• The service learning includes the characteristics of the work, basic
requirements, security of the job, and awareness of the procedures,
while taking decisions and actions.
• It helps the individuals to interact ethically with colleagues, to
effectively coordinate with other departments, to interact cordially
with suppliers as well as the customers, and to maintain all these
friendly interactions.
• In the industrial scenario, adoption, study, and development of public
health or welfare or safety system of a village or school is an example
of service learning by the employees.
• The engineering student analyzing and executing a socially-relevant
project is another example of service learning.

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 SERVICE LEARNING
• The service learning is a methodology falling under the category of
experiential education.
• It is one of the forms of experiential learning and community service
opportunities.
It is distinguished in the following ways:
• 1. Connection to curriculum: Integrating the learning into a service project
is a key to successful service learning. Academic ties should be clear and
built upon existing disciplinary skills.
• 2. Learner’s voice: Beyond being actively engaged in the project, trainees
have the opportunity to select, design, implement, and evaluate their
service activity.
• 3. Reflection: Structured opportunities are created to think, talk, and write
about the service experience. The balance of reflection and action allows
the trainee to be constantly aware of the impact of their work.
• 4. Partners in the community: Partnership with community agencies are
used to identify genuine needs, provide mentorship, and contribute input
such as labor and expertise towards KSRcompleting the project.
 VIRTUES
• Virtues are positive and preferred values. Virtues are desirable
attitudes or character traits, motives and emotions that enable us
to be successful and to act in ways that develop our highest
potential.
• They energize and enable us to pursue the ideals that we have
adopted.
• Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity,
fairness, transparency, self-control, and prudence are all examples
of virtues.
• The virtuous person is the ethical person.

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 Civic Virtues
• Civic virtues are the moral duties and rights, as a citizen of the
village or the country or an integral part of the society and
environment.
• An individual may exhibit civic virtues by voting, volunteering, and
organizing welfare groups and meetings
The duties are:
• 1. To pay taxes to the local government and state, in time.
• 2. To keep the surroundings clean and green.
• 3. Not to pollute the water, land, and air by following hygiene and
proper garbage disposal. For example, not to burn wood, tyres,
plastic materials, spit in the open, even not to smoke in the open,
and not to cause nuisance to the public, are some of the civic
(duties) virtues.
• 4. To follow the road safety rules.
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RESPECT FOR OTHERS

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 RESPECT FOR OTHERS
• This is a basic requirement for nurturing friendship, team work, and for
the synergy it promotes and sustains.
The principles enunciated in this regard are:
• 1. Recognize and accept the existence of other persons as human beings,
because they have a right to live, just as you have.
• 2. Respect others’ ideas (decisions), words, and labor (actions). One need
not accept or approve or award them, but shall listen to them first.
One can correct or warn, if they commit mistakes. Some people may wait
and watch as fun, if one falls, claiming that they know others’ mistakes
before and know that they will fall! Appreciate colleagues and
subordinates on their positive actions. Criticize constructively and
encourage them.
They are bound to improve their performance, by learning properly and by
putting more efforts
• 3. Show ‘goodwill’ on others. Love others. Allow others to grow. Basically,
the goodwill reflects on the originator and multiplies itself on everybody.
This will facilitate co linearity, focus, coherence, and strength to achieve
the goals.
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LIVING PEACEFULLY

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 LIVING PEACEFULLY
• To live peacefully, one should start install peace within (self).
• Charity begins at home. Then one can spread peace to family, organization
where one works, and then to the world, including the environment.
• Only who are at peace can spread peace.
• War or peace can be won only by peace, and not by wars
One should adopt the following means to live peacefully, in the world:
Nurture
• 1. Order in one’s life (self-regulation, discipline, and duty).
• 2. Pure thoughts in one’s soul (loving others, blessing others, friendly, and not
criticizing or hurting others by thought, word or deed).
• 3. Creativity in one’s head (useful and constructive).
• 4. Beauty in one’s heart (love, service, happiness, and peace).
Get
• 5. Good health/body (physical strength for service).
Act
• 6. Help the needy with head, heart, and hands (charity). Service to the poor is
considered holier than the service to God.
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7. Not hurting and torturing others either physically, verbally, or mentally.
 LIVING PEACEFULLY
The following are the factors that promote living, with internal and
external peace:
• 1. Conducive environment (safe, ventilated, illuminated and
comfortable).
• 2. Secured job and motivated with ‘recognition and reward’.
• 3. Absence of threat or tension by pressure due to limitations of
money or time.
• 4. Absence of unnecessary interference or disturbance, except as
guidelines.
• 5. Healthy labor relations and family situations.
• 6. Service to the needy (physically and mentally-challenged) with
love and sympathy.

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CARING

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 CARING
• Caring is feeling for others.
• It is a process which exhibits the interest in, and support
for, the welfare of others with fairness, impartiality and
justice in all activities, among the employees, in the
context of professional ethics.
• Caring is reflected in activities such as friendship,
membership in social clubs and professional societies, and
through various transactions in the family, fraternity,
community, country and in international councils.
• In the present day context, caring for the environment
(including the fauna and flora) has become a necessity for
our very survival.
• If we do not care for the environment, the environment
will scare us.

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 SHARING
• Primarily, caring influences ‘sharing’.
• Sharing is a process that describes the transfer of knowledge
(teaching, learning, and information), experience (training),
commodities (material possession) and facilities with others.
• The transfer should be genuine, legal, positive, voluntary, and
without any expectation in return.
• However, the proprietary information it should not be shared with
outsiders.
• Through this process of sharing, experience, expertise, wisdom and
other benefits reach more people faster.
• Sharing is voluntary and it can not be driven by force, but motivated
successfully through ethical principles.
• In short, sharing is ‘charity’

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 SHARING
• For the humanity, ‘sharing’ is a culture.
• The ‘happiness and wealth’ are multiplied and the ‘crimes and
sufferings’ are reduced, by sharing.
• Philosophically, the sharing maximizes the happiness for all the
human beings.
• In terms of psychology, the fear, divide, and distrust between the
‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ disappear.
• Due to sharing, Economically speaking, benefits are maximized as
there is no wastage or loss, and everybody gets one’s needs fulfilled
and satisfied.
• Commercially speaking, the profit is maximized.
• Technologically, the productivity and utilization are maximized by
sharing.

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 HONESTY
• Honesty is a virtue, and it is exhibited in two aspects namely, (a)
Truthfulness and (b) Trustworthiness.
• Truthfulness is to face the responsibilities upon telling truth.
• One should keep one’s word or promise.
Honesty is mirrored in many ways. The common reflections are:
• (a) Beliefs (intellectual honesty).
• (b) Communication (writing and speech).
• (c) Decisions (ideas, discretion).
• (d) Actions (means, timing, place, and the goals). and
• (e) Intended and unintended results achieved.
As against this, some of the actions of an engineer that leads to
dishonesty are:

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The actions of an engineer that leads to dishonesty are:
• 1. Lying: Honesty implies avoidance of lying. An engineer may communicate
wrong or distorted test results intentionally or otherwise. It is giving wrong
information to the right people.
• 2. Deliberate deception: An engineer may judge or decide on matters one is not
familiar or with insufficient data or proof, to impress upon the customers or
employers. This is a self deceit.
• 3. Withholding the information: It means hiding the facts during
communication to one’s superior or subordinate, intentionally or otherwise.
• 4. Not seeking the truth: Some engineers accept the information or data,
without applying their mind and seeking the truth.
• 5. Not maintaining confidentiality: It is giving right information to wrong
people. The engineers should keep information of their customers/clients or of
their employers confidential and should not discuss them with others.
• 6. Giving professional judgment under the influence of extraneous factors such
as personal benefits and prejudice. The laws, experience, social welfare, and
even conscience are given a go-bye by such actions. Certainly this is a higher-
order crime.
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COURAGE

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 COURAGE
• Courage is the tendency to accept and face risks and difficult tasks in rational
ways.
• Self-confidence is the basic requirement to nurture courage.
• Courage is classified into three types, based on the types of risks, namely
• (a) Physical courage,
• (b) Social courage, and
• (c) Intellectual courage. In physical courage, the thrust is on the adequacy of
the physical strength, including the muscle power and armaments. The
intellectual courage is inculcated in people through acquired knowledge,
experience, games, tactics, education, and training. In professional ethics,
courage is applicable to the employers, employees, public, and the press.
• One should perform Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT)
analysis.
• Calculate (estimate) the risks, compare with one’s strengths, and anticipate the
end results, while taking decisions and before getting into action. Learning from
the past helps.
• This anticipatory management will help any one to face the future with
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 COURAGE
• Facing the criticism, owning responsibility, and accepting the
mistakes or errors when committed and exposed are the
expressions of courage.
• In fact, this sets their mind to be vigilant against the past mistakes,
and creative in finding the alternate means to achieve the desired
objectives.
The courageous people own and have shown the following
characteristics, in their professions:
• (a) Perseverance (sustained hard work),
• (b) Experimentation (preparedness to face the challenges, that is,
unexpected or unintended results),
• (c) Involvement (attitude, clear and firm resolve to act), and
• (d) Commitment (willing to get into action and to reach the desired
goals by any alternative but ethical means).

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VALUING TIME

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 VALUING TIME
• Time is rare resource.
• Once it is spent, it is lost for ever.
• It can not be either stored or recovered. Hence, time is the most
perishable and most valuable resource too.
• The history of great reformers and innovators have stressed the
importance of time and valuing time.
• An anecdote to highlight the ‘value of time’ is as follows:
• To realize the value of one year, ask the student who has failed in
the examinations;
• To realize the value of one month, ask the mother who has
delivered a premature baby;

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 COOPERATION
• It is a team-spirit present with every individual engaged in
engineering.
• Co-operation is activity between two persons or sectors that aims at
integration of operations (synergy), while not sacrificing the
autonomy of either party.
• Further, working together ensures, coherence, i.e., blending of
different skills required, towards common goals.
• Cooperation promotes collinearity, coherence (blend), co-ordination
(activities linked in sequence or priority) and the synergy
(maximizing the output, by reinforcement)
• According to professional ethics, cooperation should exist or be
developed, and maintained, at several levels; between the
employers and employees, between the superiors and subordinates,
among the colleagues, between the producers and the suppliers

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 COOPERATION
• The impediments to successful cooperation are:
• 1. Clash of ego of individuals.
• 2. Lack of leadership and motivation.
• 3. Conflicts of interests, based on region, religion, language, and
caste.
• 4. Ignorance and lack of interest. By careful planning, motivation,
leadership, fostering and rewarding team work, professionalism and
humanism beyond the ‘divides’, training on appreciation to different
cultures, mutual understanding ‘cooperation’ can be developed and
also sustained.

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 COMMITMENT
• Commitment means alignment to goals and adherence to ethical
principles during the activities.
• First of all, one must believe in one’s action performed and the
expected end results (confidence). It means one should have the
conviction without an iota of doubt that one will succeed.
• This is a basic requirement for any profession.
• Only when the teacher (Guru) is committed to his job, the students
will succeed in life and contribute ‘good’ to the society.
• The commitment of top management will naturally lead to
committed employees, whatever may be their position or
emoluments.
• This is bound to add wealth to oneself, one’s employer, society, and
the nation at large.

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 EMPATHY
• Empathy is social radar.
• Sensing what others feel about, without their open talk, is the
essence of empathy.
• Empathy begins with showing concern, and then obtaining and
understanding the feelings of others, from others’ point of view. It
is also defined as the ability to put one’s self into the psychological
frame or reference or point of view of another, to know what the
other person feels.
• It includes the imaginative projection into other’s feelings and
understanding of other’s background such as parentage, physical
and mental state, economic situation, and association.
• This is an essential ingredient for good human relations and
transactions.
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 EMPATHY
• To practice ‘Empathy’, a leader must have or develop in him, the
following characteristics
• 1. Understanding others: It means sensing others feelings and
perspectives, and taking active interest in their welfare.
• 2. Service orientation: It is anticipation, recognition and meeting the
needs of the clients or customers.
• 3. Developing others: This means identification of their needs and
bolstering their abilities. In developing others, the one should
inculcate in him the ‘listening skill’ first. Communication = 22% reading
and writing + 23% speaking + 55% listening
• 4. Leveraging diversity (opportunities through diverse people): This
leads to enhanced organizational learning, flexibility, and
profitability.
• 5. Political awareness: It is the ability to read political and social
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 SELF-CONFIDENCE
• Certainty in one’s own capabilities, values, and goals, is self-
confidence.
• These people are usually positive thinking, flexible and willing to
change.
• They respect others so much as they respect themselves.
• Self-confidence is positive attitude, wherein the individual has some
positive and realistic view of himself, with respect to the situations in
which one gets involved.
• The self-confidence in a person develops a sense of partnership,
respect, and accountability, and this helps the organization to obtain
maximum ideas, efforts, and guidelines from its employees.
The people with self-confidence have the following characteristics:
• 1. A self-assured standing,
• 2. Willing to listen to learn from others and adopt (flexibility),
• 3. Frank to speak the truth, and
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• 4. respect others’ efforts and give due credit.
 SELF-CONFIDENCE
The following methodologies are effective in developing self-
confidence in a person:
• 1. Encouraging SWOT analysis. By evaluating their strength and
weakness, they can anticipate and be prepared to face the results.
• 2. Training to evaluate risks and face them (self-acceptance).
• 3. Self-talk . It is conditioning the mind for preparing the self to act,
without any doubt on his capabilities. This make one accepts
himself while still striving for improvement.
• 4. Study and group discussion, on the history of leaders and
innovators (e.g., Sam Walton of Wal-Mart, USA).

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 CHALLENGES IN THE WORK PLACE
• The biggest workplace challenge is said to be the employee’s work
ethics: showing up to work every day (interest in work and
attendance), showing up to work on time (punctuality), taking pride
in the quality of their work, commitment to the job, and getting
along with others.
• This situation demands inculcation of good character in the
workplace by employees.
• Character: It is a characteristic property that defines the behavior
of an individual. It is the pattern of virtues (morally-desirable
features). Character includes attributes that determine a person’s
moral and ethical actions and responses.
• The Four Temperaments: The original endowment or native
element in character with which the individual starts life is
practically identical with what the Ancients recognized as
temperament.
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 CHALLENGES IN THE WORK PLACE
Types of Character:
• From the four fundamental temperaments, various classifications of
character have been adopted by different psychologists.
• The intellectual, the emotional, and the volitional or energetic are
the chief types with A. Bain. M. Pérez, based on the phenomenon
of movement, distinguishes characters as lively, slow, ardent, and
well-balanced. M. Ribot, with more subjective division and
excluding indefinite types as ‘characterless’, recognizes the forms
as:
• (a) the sensitive (humble, contemplative and emotional,
• (b) the active (great and the mediocre), and
• (c) the apathetic (purely apathetic or dull), and
• (d) the intelligent.

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 CHALLENGES IN THE WORK PLACE
Ethics and Character:
• Whilst psychology investigates the growth of different types of
character, ethics considers the relative value of such types and the
virtues which constitute them.
• The problem of the true moral ideal is a question of the relative
value of different types of character.
• The effect on the person’s character of a particular form of conduct
is a universally accepted as a test of its moral quality.
Building Character in the Workplace:
• Managers have to influence and employ creative means of stressing
the importance of good character in the workplace, in the following
ways

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 Building Character in the Workplace:
1. Employee Hiring, Training, and Promotion Activities
• (a) Institute and adopt an organization policy statement to positive
character in the workplace.
• (b) Prominently and explicitly include character considerations in recruiting
procedures, during interviews and in the hiring deliberations.
• (c) Emphasize the importance of character and adherence to the ‘six
pillars’ of character in orientation, initial job training, and during in-service
training. The six pillars of character are the ethical values, such as:
trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship.
• (d) Include evaluation of fundamental character values such as honesty,
promise keeping, accountability, fairness, and caring, in
appraisals/reviews.
• (e) Think of your employees, especially the younger ones, as people whose
personal and work values will be influenced by what you expect of them
and how you treat them.
• (f) Think of your employees as present or future mentors, coaches, and
volunteers.
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 Building Character in the Workplace:
Internal Communication
Use internal communication channels to create a friendly environment
that praises positive role modeling at the workplace and in the community
by encouraging voluntarism, and mentoring, e.g., through
• (a) Internal newsletters,
• (b) Workplace posters in canteens and recreation rooms,
• (c) Mailers, and
• (d) Electronic mails.
External Communication
In relations with customers, vendors and others, consciously communicate
affirming messages about character and ethics, such as
• (a) Advertise and market honoring consensual values (the six pillars),
• (b) Assure that none of your products and services undermines character
building,
• (c) Include positive messages about voluntarism and celebrate, and
• (d) ‘Character counts’ week in advertising, billings and other mailers
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 Building Character in the Workplace:
Financial and Human Resources
• (a) Support local and national ‘character’ projects and the activities
of the members by encouraging staff members to get involved.
Offer incentives such as paying employees for the time they
contribute at a local youth-service organization.
• (b) Sponsor ‘character’ movement through financial support.
Community Outreach
• (a) Use public outreach structures to encourage mentoring and
other character-building programs.
• (b) Encourage educational and youth organizations to become
active in character building.
• (c) Use corporate influence to encourage business groups (chambers
of commerce, conference boards, and Rotary clubs) and other
companies to support ‘character’ building.

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 SPIRITUALITY
• Spirituality is a way of living that emphasizes the constant awareness
and recognition of the spiritual dimension (mind and its development)
of nature and people, with a dynamic balance between the material
development and the spiritual development.
• This is said to be the great virtue of Indian philosophy and for Indians.
• Sometimes, spirituality includes the faith or belief in supernatural
power/ God, regarding the worldly events.
• Spirituality includes creativity, communication, recognition of the
individual as human being (as opposed to a life-less machine), respect
to others, acceptance (stop finding faults with colleagues and accept
them the way they are), vision (looking beyond the obvious and not
believing anyone blindly), and partnership (not being too authoritative,
and always sharing responsibility with others, for better returns).
• Spirituality is motivation as it encourages the colleagues to perform
better. Remember, lack of motivation leads to isolation.
• Spirituality is also energy
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 Spirituality in the Workplace
• Building spirituality in the workplace: Spirituality is promoted in the
workplace by adhering to the following activities:
• 1. Verbally respect the individuals as humans and recognize their
values in all decisions and actions.
• 2. Get to know the people with whom you work and know what is
important to them. Know their goals, desires, and dreams too.
• 3. State your personal ethics and your beliefs clearly.
• 4. Support causes outside the business.
• 5. Encourage leaders to use value-based discretion in making
decisions.
• 6. Demonstrate your own self-knowledge and spirituality in all your
actions.
• 7. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you

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 Ethics Vs Morals Vs Values
 Work Ethics
 Integrity
 Service learning
 Virtues
 Respect for others
 Caring-Sharing-Cooperation
 Honesty
 Valuing time
 Self-confidence
 Challenges in the work place
 Spirituality KSR
 PEHV Assignment-1
• 1.(a) Define Morals and Ethics. Explain the distinction between Morals,
Values and Ethics
(b) Explain the following; (i) Service Learning (ii) Spirituality
• 2. Explain about Professional ideas and virtues.
Essay • 3. Write about in detail Work Ethics and Honesty individually.
• 4. Define Values and Describe different types of values.
• 5. Briefly explain the following.
(a) Respect to Others (b) Valuing Time (c) Courage
• 6. What are the various challenges to built character in work place.

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